xt72804xj51p https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt72804xj51p/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station.  journals kaes_circulars_004_577 English Lexington : The Service, 1913-1958. Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 577 text Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 577  2014 true xt72804xj51p section xt72804xj51p /f `X E   N
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By JE w. HERRON
“co0v:nATnvz zxrmsnou sznvncz
V       MAGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS

 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED
1. An.m1al—A plant that lives one year.
:2. Basal rosette—A very short stem bearing a cluster of leaves
at or near the soil surface.
3. D0rmunt—State of natural rest of seeds or other plant or- _
gans due to internal causes. '
4. FOIiage—The leaves of a plant.
5. l’er¢·rm.iaI—A plant that lives more than two years.
6. Pesticide-—Chemicals used for controlling lawn pests such
as weeds, insects and diseases.
T. P()Sf—(’7}1("I'{l(’H(?(’—AI;t(’1' a plant breaks through the surface
of the soil.
8. Pre-:}nwrgencr·—Before a plant breaks through the surface
of the soil.
9. S{T(?I'i[iZ(£——\VI1€]l a herbicide prevents the growth of plants
when present in the soil. Soil sterilization may be temporary or
relatively permanent.
10. Tuft—A cluster.
11. VoIatiIe—A herbicide is said to be volatile when it evapo-
I rates or vaporizes (changes from a liquid or solid to a gas) at
ordinary temperatures on exposure to the air.
12. \VeecI—Any plant growing where it is not desired.
13. Weed c·radic¢1tion—The complete elimination of all un-
desirable plants.
14. Weed control-—The limiting of weed growth (where eradi-
cation is not possible or practicall so that desirable lawn plants
can obtain maximum growth.
15. Wetfable pou;der—A compound manufactured in the form
of a powder that can be dissolved in water and applied as a spray
or drcnch.
16. \VinIer r1m1ur1I—A plant from autumn-germinated seed
which blooms. fruits. and dies the following spring or early sum-
mer.

 PLANT INDEX
( Illustrations on page opposite descriptions)
Page Page
Allium vincalc ........................ 21 Plantago lanccolata ................ 33
. major .................................... 35
B1¤<1gmS» ¤¤¤¤=·~1 ~-—··-·-·-····-—··-- 11 ixupem ......,........................... 35
Blow-ball ................................   Plantailk bI_Oad_1€av€d    
BllCl(l`lO1'I1 ............................     buck    
Catsfoot ....................,............. 29 1>¤¢kh<>¤1 ··-——~···-——-·-·—-···-··--·- *13
e111ke1Wp11 ...........,........,....... 37 <1<>¤1y=¤<1 ——·~--—·-~----···----··--—--·· 35
Chickweod .............,........,....... 25 English ‘‘‘‘··‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘ 33
c1-abgees ..,............................. 11 ¤=1¤<>~§*-1<*¤V€<1 ·—-----—·--·-······— 33
C1.€€1)il.1g Charlie     1{ug€1S , ............ . ............ . .....  
Cmwfoobgmss __·______·___·________·• 13 Poo. annua ................................ 17
Poison crecper ........................ 27
Dandelion ................................ 37 Poison ivy ................................ 27
Digitaria spp. .......................... 11 Poison oak .............................. 27
Drop-seed ................................ 15 mms mdicans   27
· Eleusinc indica ...................... 13 Satin HOWQT   25
Foxtail ...................................... 19 Smria SPP- ·—-·--··--····---·~·------—~ 19
Six-weeks grass ...................... 17
Cill-0V€1‘-tl1€-gf0l111 ` ;  g`    xr" s‘ I Ag'; ` 4
“*·»:"=~.s. we \s   `- `R 1*:-.* ~{/A J; ,
— . ~;*··m   \. ., ~, ~ . a iw., ;~   .//iT,»v »
  °¤\ \ ‘~\`Y$\i‘*_,{i\X\\ !,, fi-V ,v‘` { }~;§,·$V
  ·‘~=.. ¤ y ‘%s.‘§§.>vT=’.`M\#' ·.   na {L K ·—
      t    
  ‘»\‘ ——·.:·;'=f# I  *#?2**<
` _ . ·   `\,/ {/'__ 1 / Qi
. I ; ’=.{§§,'§~‘{§;;`m
$`zW`N~1g¢} \
  )*i\¤° "-
i' ik/`.§,i’ ,
{ki (gg
7 r * ,i "
*   .   `si
i ; Ai
Fig. 2.- Goose-grass, Eleusine indica. A. stems arising from tufts. B, fin- »
ger-like flower and seed head.

 G00se—grciss (Eleusine indica Guertn.)
Other common names for this weed are wire-grass, yard—grass
and crowfoot-grass.
DESCRIPTION: A smooth, flat-stemmed, coarse annual grass
that reproduces entirely by seeds. Stems are branched, arise from
tufts and often form mats. Flowers and seeds are produced in
two rows along one side of the 2 to 10 {inger—like branches at the
top of the stem. Goose—grass may look like crabgrass; however.
goose—grass differs since it has a flattened stem and does not takc
root at the lower joints of the stem.
Goose-grass germinates in April and May, produces seed from
]une to September and dies in autumn.
13

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ls `¥il;?’l/' i _ Zh} yl   .  
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/ Mr.     ’ ` -';» F /4.*
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l`  g   lyii X   l T7 riyl/i`
• l.h.A`~ " ilri ll, ll "A .   ·l
\·‘h wh   »ll`·\`xi'   V     }_,(i,( ,§ {
- ly   >"   ;;‘  
·~ · n   ‘ ·‘.   »,·’ l {,,/ a ‘ "Y1
I if . '_` Fy'.El"i' ’. 1,*4%, — JL /(`l
, i c ji} r.»   lll} ` / Fli (
‘°’ YN}   gv-M?
5 Q2?
·»{/ .
Fig. 3.- Nimblewill, Muhlenbergia schreberi. Entire plant, showing slen-
der creeping stems, ascending seed heads.
l-1

 Nimblewill (Muhlenbergia schreberi J. F. Gmel.)
Other common names are drop-seed and wire—grass. This grass
is becoming one of our most troublesome weeds in Kentucky
lawns.
DESCRIPTIOIN: Nimblewill is a shallow—rooted perennial
grass that spreads by seeds and underground stems. The stems
are slender, branched, and spread along or near the surface of
the ground. Tiny inconspicuous flowers and seeds are arranged
loosely on nodding or ascending branches along the upper part
of the stem. The leaf blades are usually less than Wi inch wide
and not more than :2 inches long. Nimblewill is grayish—greeu iu
color compared with the darker green bluegrass.
New growth of nimblewill starts from the underground stems
in February and early March. It continues to grow throughout
the summer and early autumn. The roots remain alive through-
out the year. but the tops die in autumn. leaying dense brown
mats in the lawn during the winter.
I5

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  .~ llf l€‘~lg.t me w¥‘£§“ l  
’   ` »:~_`§`»x.'..}·» .j·"{·| .   A V /·· x , gg,
  ``‘` {lj],\lll~`·$lll,y§.’l.;,§’nj ll . pl /   /  
` Ei li;  ’· ¢¢?’Z ’ /  
___`~_, ;;t€.·;¤ ,_`_ =·,·~·J_n r,c·W.`.` ..,..!j;V,i;;,;;V.¤   rr J ·¤_:_
  Q;.i·gi .I;t.ilf.Q,,·./gl;.      I _ I / . r
—   .;l—.* vw W w· L//·, M4 mq  /
\ V ··>~_~.':§:¤!·lil@}l5’%}é   ?{i*'/}&@>l·‘?‘li'
  ~
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Fig. 4.- Annual bluegrass, Pon annua. A. plant showing tutt at stems.
B. pyramid-shaped seed head.
16 .

 P
Annuul Bluegruss (Poa annua L.)
•
Other common names for annual bluegrass are annual spear-
V grass, dwarf spear—grass and six—weeks gl'z1SS.
DESCRIPTION: Annual or sometimes winter annual that
reproduces entirely by seed. Stems are flattened, grow in tufts.
. and sometimes take root at the lower joints. The leaves are very
. soft, and the seed heads are arranged in the shape of a pyramid.
Annual bluegrass thrives best during cool weather. Germina—
tion occurs in late winter and early spring. The plant grows to
maturity, develops seeds and then dies in late spring or early
‘ summer leaving unsightly brown areas in the lawn. Annual blue-
grass is often lighter green in color than Kentucky bluegrass. It
` usually grows from 4 to 8 inches in height.
· IT

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i         U  
g 1 , \     ij; \   _
nw \R\ R \ i Rx   Q
    in *  » \ _ i ii 3
      ii; ‘ i i
\ ‘ // Ny. i ‘
  \ii  ” ‘   , ei i
%   ii   il?
·\ W if ‘\   fw {
K F   K `   `yi /// ta   /,
\ \ i iFJ\\   / I i/fra i/ii if
  M * p / ii V  
\   i   `J   fi ,
W`  `\  / *” ” `
i `‘*~ it ih     Ji   -
. \\\‘\`.   ( , ` / ,
`i hi . \‘   ` y
*\\ _ ~~ · ~  
x xt W
  ii xx \ \_/ i,»/
  ig//t
  e s is
( M \€N*s t
r//E it \
JK i; '*
Fig. 5.- Foxtuil, Setariu spp. Entire plunt showing erect stem with seed
head ut the top.
18

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U
2 Foxtuil (Seturia spp.)
Other common names are summer-grass, pigeon-grass and
wild millet.
DESCRIPTION: Foxtails found in Kentucky lawns are an-
nual grasses that reproduce entirely hy seed. The stems are erect
and may grow from 12 to 48 inches high. In lawns that are regu-
1 larly mowed they will develop seed heads just abovc the soil sur-
face. The stems are somewhat flattened, and the leaves may vary
from lh to 1% inches in width. Seed heads develop at the top
of the stems. and vary from 2 to 6 inches in length.
19

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u i " i
Rl X
\   .
  li ‘
K in
  \ is i
ii U 1
j\ L • .
iii ilgr i
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i ` V/M
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MW   -
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RR
i l
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gi 2
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Fig. 6.- Wild gurlic, Allium vineale. A. underground bulb. B. head of
ueriul bulblets. C. Ieuf bose surrounding stem.

 I F
•
_ Wild Garlic or Wild Onion (Allium vineale L.)
  >
DESCRIPTION: VVild garlic, a perennial that looks like the
cultivated onion in appearance, reproduces by underground bulbs
and bulblets above the ground. Stems are 12 to 24 inches tall, the
lower part covered with leaf-bases around the stem. Leaves are
; hollow, slender, and round in earlier stages of growth, becoming
A grooved as the plant develops. The greenisl1—white to purple
{lowers are often replaced with bulblets, each containing a long,
slender appendage. These bulblets are arranged in u1nbrella—like
clusters near the top of the stem.
Wild garlic has two kinds of underground bulbs. The soft-
shelled bulbs germinate in autumn, while the hard—shelled bulbs
remain dormant until succeeding years. Some bulbs remain alive
in the soil for at least five years.
21

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is.  
N W {   1
. \ T'] i \.` / _ ‘
W ;. w .Y%Jfi'
iff? rm;  /,   •’ .
4`\s¤. ya     { !
X2 E   V) /rr//{,1  
r.   2% i  ~  ‘
\ xx xe M i
.   gl ,
V " I`   1
\ ~:   -¤ ,
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h     I/W
U iii 1: i i
  W M ’  
`\` `     P my/r
  V `.`   , fx 
` Yi i ,/ !/ i/r
\\ \`h\       ` .
Aw   ` ii /I/7 B
  \`Q\`n\   V}   iff r.
N     ,» f
  i " /M
*x;;. NP M
 A _   g
li il ,
.]y\ ` 3) `
    _i\}/./xl,
 
·‘ · $[.;.*1-6·§   .
  35.;
Fig. 7.- St¤r—of-Bethlehem, Ornithogalum umbellatum. A. bulbs. B. Ieuf
showing light green midrib. C. stem with sfur-shaped flower.
2:2 i

 B
•
/
Star-of-Bethlehem (Ornithcgalum umbellatum L.)
w
Other common names are snowdrop and nap-at-noon. Star-
of-Bethlehem is becoming more common as a lawn weed in Ken-
tucky. It was introduced from Europe, and some people still con-
sider it an ornamental plant. VV here star-of-Bethlehem is a weed
, problem, the plants have escaped from cultivation, and in many
l eases almost completely crowded out desirable lawn grasses.
DESCRIPTION: Star—of—Bethlehem is a perennial that repro-
duces mostly by bulbs, rarely by seed. It belongs to the same
family as wild garlic (lily family) and may be confused with wild
garlic. Star-of-Bethlehem does not, however, have the strong
scent of onion or garlic, and the leaves are about as long as the
· stem and have a light green midrib. The stems develop from
i small bulbs that are usually in clumps, grow to a height of from
4 to 12 inches and bear several white star—shaped {lowers.
In Kentucky new growth starts in late ]anuary or early Feb-
ruary. The plant grows to maturity and develops {lowers in May
or early ]une. The tops then die. leaving brown areas in the lawn
throughout the summer.
T 23

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    ~• ly {
l ‘ # vi
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    is        
U I   %‘   X >g_ V
i. Ll`.,   #7./,j* `   ,5
.     4/ 37 J VL"   girl lb
lg ,: il r X I} ’ `§` { ig   '/4/A _ ‘\t _ E lx/. ,
` i     ·‘». , J g,/p ._    `Y    
~._;.· X ) t   V/> J 0*38.   , ,/ M
‘ W CQ. `~;—5' l N " rf M . “ ni  
_ ~   ai aw jjll rig géggi     ¢§`>“
.   Lf  if? .. . ‘ ~  . .
Q i 4% E ii     i “‘€**   Sl  
·>’ ~eJ~ Qi  YA »)i""’”QQ<\l§¥.
"     r-) An', j,  
  x I . { ` .
No Xg.
tt"
Fig. 8.- Chickweed, Stellario media. A. trailing stem with roots ot joints.
B. puir of opposite egg-shaped leaves.
24

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}
Chickweed (Stellariu media Cyrill)
F
Other common names are starwort, starweed. winter-weed
and satin {lower.
DESCRIPTION; Chickweed is a juicy-tissued, shallow-rooted
winter annual that reproduces by seed and trailing stems which
¤ take root at the lower joints. The leaves are arranged in pairs on
the stem; they are usually egg—shaped, smooth, less than 1 inch
long, the lower with hairy stalks and the upper without stalks.
The {lowers are small with {ive white deeply-notched petals.
Chickweed starts to germinate in the autumn, grows through-
out the winter, develops seeds from April until early summer,
then dies. Occasionally some chickweed may continue to grow
E during the summer, hut most of the plants die during late spring.
\
25

 1
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   °'°· ¥   ‘
g  _;  u   u   ’
  i     f A  ______   i £_.;._;_; __._ Q
  ~· ‘     ``‘`    ` i  
yi ‘V»‘V J `YY.-       _   -.·. / •.§A%`%-  '
W?    /     , · ° . 2
4 % :2 ·‘l·¤ ; ’ f.      ·"‘· 1 i-ill = • '. '• •V
·   Ti  rr 4     -h_   Q-_ ·.  •
 -·i’=    .   ‘§  if    L" •J•‘°
"*‘¥{Z?%Z   x‘ ZW;  l? • ° ‘°}?
      .9%::
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1
Fig. 9.- Poison ivy, Rhus rudicans. Note fruiting cluster und leuf with
three leuflets.
26

 W
•
_ T Poison Ivy (Rhus radicans L.)
l Other common names are poison oak. poison creeper, and
three—leaved ivy.
DESCRIPTION: Poison ivy is a woody—stem1ned perennial
that is quite variable in its growth habits and shape of leaflets.
' It grows as a vine that climbs by aerial rootstocks or creeps along
` the ground by underground stems, or as an erect shrub. Each leaf
is arranged alternately along the stem and consists of three sonic-
what egg—shaped leaflets. The leaflet margins vary from no teeth
to toothed, to somewhat lobed. The small, one—seeded fruits are
white or cream colored, about {/, inch in diameter and grow iu
clusters. They mature in late summer or autumn.
Poison ivy is sometimes separated into different species ac-
cording to the variation in growth habits and leaf shape. How-
ever, since the condition resulting from contact with plants of all
forms is similar and since the control measures arc the same. such
plants will be treated as one species in this publication.
27

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/,/,   ik,  
r'    .  
.5 ‘ [,4* {1//   "
—   _j,;’*’*\K,. iL;'/ _
(lil .i”—`;.f   ll   {
fr _ / ' 7`/K;}. \\ lf)
    i .t  »L j·s.¥¥2i sgziay. g1?1_
,     Tf;%¢3$  MK kl
.·' ~     V‘-· #7   ` . ;
. l. i ¤   “~=l\m>
  Wie [ 4’A‘·` · ."_.v` 2   . * ~.— r v`
  " ici (fel-/" 45[ /°-FL
` ·’ "~ \l?\f\\`/   L `;·
gx-;   ?. ix ’ ·.
\.. ll . `I     { 7
,` wl     :   * 4
i_\;>l\ _ br  
  fj;%` g __ j
,» A `¤©>€ xl  
  i lla
lll l W,
  { ·· `T}§$$ \—;r}}:.; 5/%%    
( L//i   drill y A ia p
' » * . V o ~·
l /L,)//’ /
Fig. l0.- Ground ivy, Glecoma hederacea. A. creeping stems with roots
ot the joints. B. puir of opposite circulor leoves with scolloped morgins.
C. flower showing two lips.
28

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‘»
‘ Ground Ivy (Glecoma hederacea L.)
Other common names are creeping Charlie, gill—over-the-
ground, and catsfoot. ;
DESCRIPTION : Ground ivy is a perennial that reproduces
by seed and underground stems. The creeping stems are square,
a smooth to slightly hairy, and take root at the lower joints. The
leaves are circular with rounded or scalloped edges, no hairs, and
arranged in pairs along the stem. The purplish flowers are two-
lipped and are arranged in clusters at the base of the leaf stalks.
Ground ivy is more commonly found in shaded areas near a
building or under shrubbery or trees. It is more of a weed prob-
lem in states north of Kentucky than in the southern states.
29

 1
    1
lk  
lg   lé
  _,   4 22.. 
’>€·;·;§y*   `   F
  \s   “ ly
‘ ‘    \ —»   B` . l a
`°`¤ »_ »   J/l '·
`_ u. / f,;;g?i ll
        ly
  V ;; #’¤~?(z
il   lg Y V
l * · ‘ ¤  
R   V/ll p  
    ll -* iv ·
ree Q  ll-  
Tk*w¤·\\ {Q '·y·;)*;A ..
  l
{‘&  
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j)
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Fig. ll.- Henbit, Lamium spp. A. pair of opposite somewhat circular
leaves with rounded teeth or lobes. B. flower whorl at base of leaves.
30

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3
Henbit (Lcrmium spp.)
Y
Other common names are dead nettle. winter mint, blind
nettle and bee nettle.
DESCRIPTION: Henbit is a winter annual that reproduces
by seeds and stems rooting at the lower joints. The stems are
V; 4 to 16 inches tall,j square, and branch close to the ground. The
plants are erect and have very few or no hairs. The leaves are
opposite (two leaves at each stem joint), almost circular with the
edges having rounded teeth or lobes. The flowers are pink to
purple, two—lipped and arranged in whorls at thebase of the
· leaves. , .
The growth habits of hepbit are like those of chickweed.
31 · V

  
 
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if
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is   li will ·  
  _ 4 A ix   . af o.
i _` x`\> l C VU . V ’ I I   /
`?\§§·~\   N   W /»/ , i to   4
\`~_   `\` `. U (   J * V
\_ —\\ pk \\_)\\\ ll lil   A y ‘ · Q
\ . » `*_\t`\\`\ Nisx ‘\s\ { ~   i ///'( I  w
\\%i\ l ;l,\‘   \\ \`}\     /( /l   [I _ , V ,,j(  
ll     l   lw-ill   V fi. I '     /
l‘ \ Y ll   ’~\`\ \l\\\\\ lll if I A K { l' l  
* — i   i   \\ /,/A i ·i i {X l *
1 — sA   p /,4  < in rl V
`; i\ Vyf {5 W \\\y ` (7,* / `  
.\;_<_ _ ~__  *_`\¤  ii wi QJ lw `I U
‘· — I>;_x\ \1;x_gl Jl M »%  p/i r it
— ` "*"=   i F' J'! W   i
V Te {L. __ .\   » J )i i·{,’ 4
` V `\ `. *\\ ‘
. - — “~¤1f;*~—jAlé: l 1/l xi l
J `-_ . `_" Q5: /lr/l
\:  ‘A V ¤
`%E§· ‘ V
"    .
Fig. l2.- Buckhorn plantain, Plantugo lunceolata. Note leafless stem
with short, dense flower spike at top and narrow, prominently veined
leaves arising from basal rosette.

 i
Buckhcrn Pluntcin (Plantago Ianceolata L.)
Other common names are buckhorn, English plantain, narrow-
leaved plantain and buck plantain.
· DESCRIPTION: Buckhorn plantain is a perennial that repro-
duces by seed and new shoots from the roots. The stems are
usually from 8 to 16 inches high, leafless, and bear a short, dense
flower spike at the top from 1 to 3 inches long. The narrow leaves
arise from the base of the flower stems; they are 4 to 8 inches long,
lance—shaped with several prominent veins running lengthwise
and are arranged in a basal rosette at the surface of the soil.
’ Buckhorn plantain produces mature seed from ]une to Sep-
tember.

 5
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r i "·>r!:a»(_ A \ ; F l J · ”   7/71,
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at l ll i L--
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Fig. l3.-— Brood-leoved pluntuin, Pluntogo major. A. stem with long
slender flower spike. B. brood, somewhut egg—sh¤ped leoves orising from
bosul rosette. _ ·

 {
i . .
Br0¤d—|e¤ved Pluntum (Plcintago m¤;0r L.)
()ther common names are common plantain. whiteman`s—foot,
and dooryard plantain.
_ DESCRIPTION: Broad—leaved plantain is a perennial that re—
produces by seeds and new shoots from the roots. The stems are
usually 4 to 12 inches high, leafless, with a long slender flower
spike at the top from 2 to 10 inches in length. The leaves arising
from the base of the stem are broad, somewhat egg—shaped, with
several prominent veins, and are arranged in a basal rosette at
the surface of the soil.
I Broad—leaved plantain produces seed from june to September.
Hugefs plantain (Plantago Rugclii) looks very much like P.
major; and since control measures are the same for both species,
they are treated as broad—leaved plantain in this publication.
· 35

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