xt72fq9q4z5f https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt72fq9q4z5f/data/mets.xml England Walter Scott 1771-1832 1830 A collection of ten letters from Sir Walter Scott to J. G. Lockhart on the topics of demonology and witchcraft as they relate to law and religion. Scott surveys the presence of the supernatural from Old Testament stories to the European witch crazes of the 1600 and 1700s; ix, 402 p. : front. ; 17 cm. BS1531 .S5 1830 ISBN0854095373 books  English London, England: John Murray, Albemarle Street Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection.  Demonology Witchcraft Letters on Demonology and Witchcraft, Addressed to J. G. Lockhart, Esq text Letters on Demonology and Witchcraft, Addressed to J. G. Lockhart, Esq 1830 2019 true xt72fq9q4z5f section xt72fq9q4z5f _ If”: : s "
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: ADDRESSED TO
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JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.
‘1 MDCCCXXX.

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I 2 LETTER I.
E 3 Origin of the general Opinions respecting Demonology
EV) among Mankind—The Belief in the Immortality of
E‘ 3% the Soul is the main inducement to credit its occa-
E a) sional reappearance—The Philosophical Objections
' W to the Apparition of an Abstract Spirit little un-
ENE derstood by the Vulgar and Ignorant—The situa-
E .‘ tions of excited Passion incident to Humanity, -
: N) which teach l\Ien to wish or apprehend Supernatu-
}q\ ral Apparitions—They are often presented by the

» E I Sleeping Sense—Story of Somnambulism—The In-.
3 7 ﬂuence of Credulity contagious, so that Individuals
- will trust the Evidence of others in despite of their
E u, own Senses—Examples from the Historia Verda- '
.‘y dera of Berna] Dias del Castillo, and from the Works
i} of Patrick ‘Valker—The apparent Evidence of In- E ‘
E t; tel-course with the Supernatural \Vorld is some mes ' .
E :3 owing to a depraved State of the bodily Organs— '
E 3’ Difference between this Disorder and Insanity, in I .
t: which the Organs retain their tone, though that of E E
E9.) the Mind is lost—Rebellion of the Senses of a Lu- ,
_ ‘3' natic against the current of his Reveries—Narra—
E '3 tives of a contrary nature, in which the Evidence '

v; u of the Eyes overhore the Conviction of the Under- ' _
E ii” ‘ standing—Example of a London Manvof Pleasure

"E‘xﬂ a

 l ‘
» .. . i
11 CONTENTS. _g
' Page i
. —Of Nicolai, the German Bookseller and Philoso-
,' pher—Of a Patient of Dr Gregory—0f an Emi- i
5 Dent Scottish Lawyer deceased—Of this same fal— i
' lacious Disorder are other instances, which have but E
sudden and momentary Endurance—Apparition of i
, Maupertuis~0f a late illustrious modern Poet—
' The Cases quoted chieﬂy relating-to false Impres- ;
sions on the Visual Nerve, those upon the Ear next g
‘ considered—Delusions of the Touch chieﬂy experi— g
, enced in Sleep—Delusions of the Taste—and of the
.' q Smelling—Sum of the Argument, . . . 1 g,
i ' i
i l
‘- {LETTER II. ‘ i
" Consequences of the Fall on the communication be-
' ' tween Men and the Spiritual World—Effects of l
the Flood—Wizards of Pharaoh—Text in Exodus
" against Witches—The word Wtch is by some said a
3 to mean merely Poisoner—Or, if in the Holy Text y '
i it also means a Divineress, she must, (at any rate,
§ have been a character very different to be identiﬁed ,
' with it—The original, Champh, said to mean a per. i
, son who dealt in Poisons, often a trafﬁc of those E
; ’ who dealt with Familiar Spirits—But different from i
7 the European Witch of the Middle Ages—Thus a ,
' > Witch is not necessary to the temptation of Job— E
1: 1 The Witch of the Hebrews probably did not rank g
-1- higher than a Divining Woman—Yet it was a ;
; crime deserving the doom of death, since it inferred i
|‘_ the disowning of J ehovah’s Supremacy— Other'texts f
x“ of Scripture, in like manner, refer to something cor— r:
- responding more with a Fortune-teller or Divining ;
Woman, than what is now called a Witch—«Ex— 3
[Q ‘ ample of the Witch of Endor—Account of her meet-, ‘ i
~ ,; ing with Saul—Supposed by some a mere Impostor i
1‘ if ——-By others a Sorceress powerful enough to raise i
55 the Spirit of the Prophet by her own art—Diﬂicul— l
j" ' ties attendingboth positionSvA middle course adopt-t i
i ’ u
i; g

 i
F CONTENTS. iii '
Page ' Page
' ed, supposing that, as in the case of Balak, the A1-
L mighty had, by exertion of his will, substituted
: Samuel, or a good spirit in his character, for the de-
ception which the Witch intended to produce—Re-
' sumption of the Argument, showing that the Witch
of Endor signiﬁed something very different from
. the modern ideas of VVitchcraft—The Witches men-
: tioned in the New Testament are not less different
1 from modern ideas, than those of the Books of Mo-
‘ ses, nor do they appear to have possessed the power
1 ‘ ascribed to Magicians—Articles of Faith which we
{ may gather from Scripture on this point—That ,
there might be certain Powers permitted by the AI- _
. mighty to inferior, and even evil Spirits, is possible ;
-‘ and, in some sense, the Gods of the Heathens might
‘ be accounted Demons—More frequently, and in a
‘» general sense, they were but logs of wood, without
sense or power of any kind, and their worship
founded on imposture—Opinion that the Oracles
’ were silenced at the Nativity, adopted by Milton-—
Cases of Demoniacs—The incarnate Possessions
, probably ceased at the same time as the intervention
of Drliracles—Opinion of the Catholics—Result that
Witchcraft, as the-word-is interpreted in the ll/Iiddle
; Ages, neither occurs under the Mosaic or Gospel
, Dispensation—It arose in the ignorant period, when
the Christians considered the Gods of the Maho-
‘ medan or Heathen Nations as Fiends, and their
; Priests as Conjurers or Wizards—Instance as to
§ the Saracens, and among the Northern Europeans
yet unconverted—The Gods of Mexico and Peru
f explained on the same system—Also the Powahs
; of North America—Opinion of Mather—Gibb, a
V supposed Warlock, persecuted by the other Dissent-
ez‘s—JConclusion, . . . . . a 49 ’
4 .,

 l,
l v iv , CONTENTS. ‘3
V Page E
‘ . LETTER III. E
, J
‘ Creed of Zoroaster—rcceived partially into most Hea-
then Nations—Instances among the Celtic Tribes ‘E
.» of Scotland—Beltane Feast—Gudeman’s Croft— E
: Such abuses admitted into Christianity after the
' earlier Ages of the Church—Law of the Romans
against ‘Vitchcraft—Romish Customs survive the E
1. fall of their Religion—Instances—Demonology of E
' the Northern Barbarians—Nicksas—Bhar-geist i
’ . -—Correspondence between the Northern and Ro— _i
l ‘ man VVitches—The power of Fascination ascribed i
w . to the Sorceresses—Example from the Eyrbiggia i
. Saga—The Prophetcsses of the Germans—The E
Gods of Valhalla not highly regarded by their VVor~ E
. shippers—Often deﬁed by the Champions—De- E
:1 _ mons of the North—Story of Assueit and Asmund E
. —Action of Ejectment against Spectres—Adven-
~ ’ ture of a Champion with the Goddess Freya— Con~ E
I version of the Pagans of Iceland to Christianity— E
E _ Northern Superstitions mixed with those of the E
‘ » Celts—Satyrs of the North—Highland Ourisk—
E Meming the Satyr, . . . . . . 87
J. J
LETTER IV. E
J‘ - l
The Fairy Superstition is derived from different E
A sources—The Classical Worship of the Silvaus, or E
3 ' Rural Deities, proved by Roman Altai-s discovered E
J" —The Gothic Duergar, or Dwarfs, supposed to be E
1 derived from the Northern Laps or Fins—The
E-I Niebelungen-LiedeKing Laurin’s Adventure-s E
l: 1 Celtic, Fairies of .a gayer character, yet their plea, E
f , sures empty and illusory—Addicted to carry oﬁ‘ Hu- E
E ; man Beings, both Infants and Adults—Adventures E
E1 . of at Butler in Ireland—The Elves supposed to pay [
' ‘ a Tax to Hell—The Irish, Welsh, Highlanders, i
i:‘ ‘ J ‘
;J . _ i
E E
J- = ‘
l, _ . _

 CONTENTS. V
Page , Page
j .and Manxmen, held the same belief—It was rather
: rendered more gloomy by the Northern Traditions
, —Merlin and Arthur carried off by the Fairies—
Also Thomas of Erceldoune—His Amour with the
Queen of Elﬂand—I—Iis re-appearance in latter
times—Another Account from Reginald Scot—
1 Conjectures on the derivation of the word Fairy, 118
‘ - LETTER V.
.5 Those who dealt in fortune-telling, mystical cures by
? charms, and the like, often claimed an intercourse
3 with Fairy Land—Hudhart or Hudikin—Pit-
1 cairn’s Scottish Criminal Trials—Story of Bessie
1 Dunlap and her Adviser—Her Practice of Medi-
f cine—and of Discovery of Theft—Account of her
7 Familiar, Thome Reid—Trial of Alison Pearson—
, Account of her Familiar, William Sympson—T rial
; of the Lady Fowlis, and of Hector Munro, her
Stepson—Extraordinary species of Charm used by
1 the latter—Confession of John Stewart, a Juggler,
i of his intercourse with the Fairies—Trial and Con-
87 1 fession of Isobel Gowdie—Use of Elf-arrow Heads
E —Parish of Aherfoyle—Mr Kirke, the Minister of
Aberfoyle’s Work on Fairy Superstitions—He is
f himself taken to Fairy Land—Dr Grahame’s In-
teresting Work, and his Information on Fairy Su-
5 perstitions—Story of a Female in East Lothian
carried off by the Fairies—Another instance from
, Pennant, . . . . . . . 142
, LETTER VI.
; Immediate Effect of Christianity on Articles of P0—
pular Superstition—Chaucer’s Account of the Ro-
: ' man Catholic Priests banishingthe Fairies—Bishop
- ‘ Corbett imputes the same Effect to the Reforma- .

 3 "vi . CONTENTS. 3
3 Page 3
tion—his Verses on that Subject—his Iter Septen~ 3

. trionale—Robin Goodfellow, and other Superstitions

3 mentioned by Reginald Scot—Character of the Eng— i 3
lish Fairies—The Tradition had become obsolete in 3

that Author’s Time—That of Witches remained in 3

vigour—but impugned by various Authors after the E

. Reformation, as Wierus, Naudaeus, Scot, and others. 3

-—-Demonology defended by Bodinus, Remigius, 8w. 3

——Their mutual Abuse of each other_1’mperfection i

of Physical Science at this Period, and the Predo- 3

minance of Mysticism in that Department, . . 173 3

3 i
3 LETTER VII. , . '3
Penal laws unpopular when rigidly exercised—Pro-

3 , secution of Witches placed in the hand of Special 3
3 Commissioners, ad inquirendum—~.Prosecution for 3"
Witchcraft not frequent in the elder Period of the i

3 Roman Empire—nor in the Middle Ages—Some 3
3 Cases took place, however—The Maid of Orleans ‘
3 —,-The Duchess of Gloucester—Richard the Third’s ’
3 Charge against the Relations of the Queen Dow— 3
ager—But Prosecutions against Sorccrcrs became 3

3 more common in the end of the Fourteenth Cent
3 ‘ wry—Usually united with the Charge of Heresy— 3
3’ 3 Monstrelet’s Account of the Persecution against the i
3 Waldenses, under pretext of Witchcraft—Flori- 3
2 33 mond’s testimonyconcerningthe Increase of Witches 3
' 3 in his own Time—Bull of Pope Innocent VIII.—-. 3
3 ‘ Various Prosecutions in Foreign Countries under 3
this severe Law—Prosecutions in Labourt by the 3

3’3 Inquisitor De Lancre and his Colleague——Lycan- 3
’ thropy—Witches in Spain—in Sweden—and par— 3
3 33 ticularly those apprehended at Mohra, . . 195 3
3 , ' ' ‘ 3
3
i3 33 3‘
33 33. 3
3 . s
l. 3 . ,I'

 ' CONTENTS. vii
Page I} Page
LETTER VIII.

3 The effects of the Witch Superstition are to be traced

5 in the Laws of a Kingdom—Usually punished in

' England as a crime connected with Politics—At—

l tempt at Murder for Witchcraft not in itself Capi—

E tal—Trials of Persons of Rank for Witchcraft, con-

3 nected with State Crimes—Statutes of HenryVIII.
-—How Witchcraft was regarded by the three Lead-

173 ing Sects of Religion in the Sixteenth Century ;,

I‘ ﬁrst, by the Catholics; second, by the Calvinists;

a third, by the Church of England, and Lutherans
—Impostures unwarily countenanced by Individual

} Catholic Priests, and also by some Puritanic Cler-

5 gymen—Statute of 1562, and some Cases upon it—

v Case of Dugdale—Case of the Witches of Warbois,_
and execution of the family of Samuel—That of

7 Jane Wenham, in which some Church of England

1 Clergymen insisted on the Prosecution—Hutchi-

i son’s Rebuke to them—James the First’s Opinion

i of Witchcraft—His celebrated Statute, 1 Jac. I.—

1 Canon passed by the Convocation against Posses-

i sion—Case of Mr Fairfax’s Children—Lancashire

1 Witches in 16l3—Another Discovery in 16341-
Webster’s account of the manner in which the Im-

E posture was managed—Superiority of the Calvinists

f is followed by a severe Prosecution of Witches—

; Executions in Suffolk, &c. to a dreadful extent—
Hopkins, the pretended Witchtinder, the cause of
these Cruelties—His Brutal Practices—His Letter

: —Execution of Mr Lowis—Hopkins Punished—
Restoration of Charles—Trial of Coxe—of Dunny

; and Callender before Lord Hales—Royal Society '

95 and Progress ofKnowledge—Somersetshire Witches

j: +Opinions of the Populace—A Woman swum for
i Witchcraft at Oakly—«Murder at Tring—Act
against Witchcraft abolished, and the belief in the
5 Crime becomes forgotten—Witch Trials in New .
3

 1 viii CONTENTS. l
1 Pagei
England—Dame Glover’s Trial—Afﬂiction of the ;

Parvises, and frightful increase of the Prosecutions [

g -——Suddenly put a stopto—The Penitence of those 5
concerned in them, . . . . . . 223%

i

1 LETTER 1x. i
Scottish Trials—Earl of Mar—Lady Glammis—VVil. i

} liam Barton—VVitches of Auldea'rne—Their Rites ;
and Charms—JP heir Transformation into Hares— i

Satan’s Severity towards them—Their Crimes— g

‘ Sir George Mackenzie‘s Opinion of Witchcraft— [
1. Instances of Confessions made by the Accused, in 5
despair, and to avoid future annoyance and Perse- i

‘ anion—Examination by Pricking—T he Mode of i
p Judicial Procedure against Witches, and Nature of i;
' the Evidence admissible, opened a door to Accusers, E
and left thevAccused no chance of escape—The Su-
‘ perstition of the Scottish Clergy in King James E .
VI. ’s time, led them, like their Sovereign, to eneou- {

rage Witch Prosecutions—Case of Bessie Graham— '

Supposed Conspiracy to Shipwreck James in his i

\ Voyage to Denmark—Meetings of the Witches, and

i Rites perform ed to accomplish their purpose—Trial ;
i of Margaret Barclay in 1618—Case of Major Weir E
1 —_Sir John Clerk among the ﬁrst who declined act- .i
1 ing as Commissioner on the Trial of a \Vitch— i
ii Paisley and Pittenweem VVitches—A Prosecution i
ii in Caithness prevented by the Interference of the i
1“ King’s Advocate in WIS—The Last Sentence of 5
1‘ Death for Witchcraft pronounced in Scotland in g
’ l722—Remains of the Witch Superstition—Case i
i. f of supposed Witchcraft related from the Author’s IF
i i own knowledge, which took place so late as 1800, 283 i
t I E
i i t
53- 3* i

l‘ 1

El 1i . i
ii *
l1 3. ,A , . . , ’

 l r
CONTENTS. ix
Pa e!
18 g 5 . Page
:: l LETTER X.
‘ 223l Other Mystic Arts independent of Witchcraft—As-
:’ trology—Its Inﬂuence during the 16th and 17th
3 Centuries—Base Ignorance of those who practised
' it——Lilly’s History of his Life and Times—Astro-
i loger’s Society—Dr Lamb—Dr Forman—Estab—
[‘ ‘ lishment of the Royal Society—Partridge—Con-
”5 l nexion of Astrologers with Elementary Spirits—-
" i Dr Dun—Irish Superstition of the Banshie—Si- '
" milar Superstition in the Highlands—Brownie—
' ; Ghosts—Belief of Ancient Philosophers on that
n l Suhj cot—Enquiry into the respect due to such tales
' in Modern Times—Evidence of a Ghost against a
f " Murderer—Ghost of Sir George Villiers—Story of
f 1 Earl St Vincent—of a British General Ofﬁcer—of
" ' an Apparition in France—of the Second Lord Lyt-
"' telton—of Bill Jones—of Jarvis llIatcham—Trial
s E of two Highlanders for the Murder of Sergeant Da-
" vis, discovered by a Ghost—Disturbances at Wood-
‘ 2 stock, anno lGlQ—Imposture called the Stockwell
s Ghost—Similar Case in Scotland—Ghost appear-
1 ing to an Exciseman—Story of a Disturbed House .
1 l discovered by the ﬁrmness of the Proprietor—Ap-
r , parition at Plymouth—A Club of Philosophers—-
' ? Ghost Adventure of a Farmer—Trick upon a Ve-
' l teran Soldier—Ghost Stories recommended by the
l l Skill of the Authors who compose them—”Mrs ‘
3 l Veal‘s Ghost—Dunton’s Apparition Evidence— l
f Effect of appropriate Scenery to encourage a ten- .
l dency to Superstition—diﬂ'ers at distant Periods of 5
: Life—Night at Glammis Castle about l791—Visit
283 E to Dunvegsm 1n 1814', . . . . . 344
i
l
l
l

  i
' L E T T E R S
" ON
.j DEMONOLOGY AND WITCHCRAFT. .
. To J. G. LOCKHART, ESQ. -
_ +—
LETTER I.
‘ Origin of the general Opinions respecting Demonology
, ,among Mankind—The Belief in the Immortality of the
- Soul is the main inducement to credit its occasional rc—
' appearance— The Philosophical Objections to the Appari—
" tion of an Abstract Spirit little understood by the Vulgar _
‘ , and Ignorant— The Situations of excited Passion incident
7 _ to Humanity, which teach men to wish or apprehend Su—
pernatural Apparitions— They are often presented by the
f Sleeping Sense—Story of Somnambulism— The Inﬂuence
- of Credulity contagious, so that Individuals will trust the
i ’ Evidence of others in despite of their own Senses—Exam—
plesﬁ'om the .Historia Verdadera of Berna] Dias del Cos-1
,3 , tillo, andﬂ'om the lVor/rs quatric/r. Walker— The appa-
3 rent Evidence of Intercourse with the Supernatural World
: is sometimes owing to a depraved State of the bodily 0r-
‘ guns—Dgﬁ'ﬂzrence between this Disorder and Insanity, in
i‘ ' which the Organs retain their tone, though that of the Mind
, is lost—Rebellion of the Senses of a Lunatic against the
xi ‘ A.

 ‘ i
i
i i 2 LETTERS ON
: current of his Reveries—Narratives of a contrary Nature,
‘ V in which the Evidence of the Eyes overbore the Conviction
1' of the Understanding—Example of a London Man of
3 Pleasure-ﬂ 0f ZVicolai, the German Boohseller and Phi.
l losopher— Ofa Patient (3)" Dr Gregory— Of an Eminent
3 Scottish Lawyer deceased— Of this same fallacious Dis.
' order are other instances, which have but sudden and mo-
. mentary endurance—Apparition of Maupertuis— Of a late
l illustrious modern Poet— The Cases quoted chieﬂy relating
' to false Impressions on the Visual Nerve, those upon the
I -.Ear next consideredéDelusions of the Touch chieﬂy ex;
‘ perienced in Sleep—Delusions of the Taste—and of the
I Smelling—Sum of the Argument.
1 YOU have asked of me, my dear friend, that I
3 should assist the Family Library, with the history
; of a dark chapter in human nature, which the in-
] creasing civilisation of all well-instructed coun-
l tries has now almost blotted out, though the sub-
} ject attracted no ordinary degree of considera-
i tion in the older times of their history. V
‘ l , Among much reading of my early days, it is
, no doubt true that I travelled a good deal in the
‘ twilight regions of superstitious disquisitions.
Many hours have I lost,-—“ I would their debt
Were less 1"—-in examining old, as well as more
recent narratives of this character, and even in
1 looking into some of the criminal trials so fre-
n : quent in early days, upon a. subject which our
1‘ ' fathers considered as matter of the last import-
; l time. And, of late years, the very curious ex-
; tracts published by Mr Pitcairn, from the Crimi-
‘ nal Records of Scotland, are, besides their histo- ‘
; ﬁnal value, of a nature so much calculated to :
1 illustrate the oredulity of our ancestors on such
Il‘ '
l?
l i.

 DEMONOLOGY AND \VITCHCRAFT. 3
f‘ftl‘fez subjects, that, by perusing them, I have been in-
gift; duced more recently to recall what I had read and
i Phi. thought upon the subject at a former period.
mine,” As, however, my information is only miscel—
sDis. laneous, and I make no pretensions, either to
1d mo- combat the systems of those by whom I am anti-
” [3m cipated in consideration of the subject, or to erect
dating any new one of my own, my purpose is, after a
10711118 '
ﬂy w. general account of Demonology and VVltchcraft,
of the to conﬁne myself to narratives of remarkable

cases, and to the observations which naturally and
easily arise out of them ;—in the confidence that
such a plan is, at the present time of day, more
hat I likely to suit the pages of a popular miscellany,
story than an attempt to reduce the contents of many
19 111‘ hundred tomes, from the largest to the smallest
:oun- size, into an abridgement, which, however com-
‘sub- pressed, must remain greatly too large for the
dera- reader’s powers of patience. ‘
. ‘ A few general remarks on the nature of De-
ll? 15 monology, and the original cause of the almost
n the universal belief in communication betwixt mortals
“0115- and beings of a power superior to themselves, and
debt of a nature not to be comprehended by human or-
more gans, are a necessary introduction to the subject.
en 111 The general, or, it may be termed, the univer-
’ fre- sal belief of the inhabitants of the earth, in the
1 0111' existence of spirits separated from the encum-
pOI‘t- blame and incapacities of the body, is grounded
S_ex- ,on the consciousness of the divinity that speaks in
11111-11- 'our bosoms, and demonstrates to all men, except
nsto- the few who are hardened to the celestial voice,
ad to that there is within us a portion of the divine sub-
sucll stance, which is not subject to the law of death

 llllld f
1 ‘ ‘l ‘
‘ y
l l . 4 . LETTERS ON
I, ‘ 1 and dissolution, but which, when the body is no
5 y; longer ﬁt for its abode, shall seek its own place,
:1 j as a sentinel dismissed from his post. Unaided by
, i 1 l revelation, it cannot be hoped that mere earthly
1‘ 1: reason should be able to form any rational or pre-
ilzi ‘ l cise conjecture concerning the destination of the
fl 1 9 soul when parted from the body ; but the convic.
{a ' tion that such an indestructible essence e