xt73ff3kwq9q https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt73ff3kwq9q/data/mets.xml Drake, Daniel, 1785-1852. 1870  books b92f451d762009 English R. Clarke & co. : Cincinnati, Ohio Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Drake, Daniel, 1785-1852. Frontier and pioneer life --Kentucky. Kentucky --History. Pioneer life in Kentucky. A series of reminiscential letters from Daniel Drake ... to his children. Edited with notes and a biographical sketch by his son, Charles D. Drake. text Pioneer life in Kentucky. A series of reminiscential letters from Daniel Drake ... to his children. Edited with notes and a biographical sketch by his son, Charles D. Drake. 1870 2009 true xt73ff3kwq9q section xt73ff3kwq9q 
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
   PIONEER LIFE IN KENTUCKY.

a series of

Reminiscential Lette

. from

Daniel Drake, M.D.,

of cincinnati,

TO HIS CHILDREN.

Edited with Notes and a Biographical Sketch by his Son, CHARLES D. DRAKE.

CINCINNATI: ROBERT CLARKE & CO.

1870. 
    
   DEDICATED

to the memory of

My Mother. 
    
   CONTENTS.

Biographical Sketch vii.

Letter I. Ancestors of Doctor Drake   His Birth   Emigration of the Family from New Jersey to Kentucky   History of the Family during Daniel's first Three Years. I

Letter II. History of Family continued, from Daniel's Third Year until his Ninth   -Removal from first Cabin, by the Roadside, to another in the Woods.        -     '-      -      -      -      - 17

Letter III. Employments of the Early Settlers   Their modes of Life and Labors   Cultivation of Indian Corn   Wheat   Flax, etc.    Corn Husking   Log Rollings, etc.   Daniel's Labors as a Farm Boy from Seven to Fifteen Years of Age.      -      -      - 39

Letter IV. Farm-Boy Labors   Particularly in the care of Stock ; Sugar Making, etc., etc.       -       -       -       -      -      - 71

Letter V. Maternal and Domestic Influences   Domestic Labors (indoors) from Ninth to Fifteenth Year   Broom Making   Soap Making   Cheese Making     Churning     Hog Killing     Sausage Making   Dyeing   Sheep Washing and Shearing   Wool Carding    Spinning, etc.       -.-        -       -        -       - -87

Letter VI. Boy Delight in the Aspects of Nature   A Thunderstorm   Squirrel Hunting   Bee Hunting   Nut Gathering   Beneficial Influences of Country Life and Familiarity with Nature upon the Young.      -      -      -      -      -      -      -,    -      117

Letter VII. School Influences     Log-Cabin Schools and School-Masters   Methods of Teaching   School Amusements, etc. 141

Letter VIII.   Religious and Social Influences.        - 175

Letter IX. Nature and Extent of Acquirements, at the Time of Commencing the Study of Medicine   Journey from Mayslick to Cincinnati   Begins the Study of Medicine.        -        - 227

Letter X.   Conclusion.   ------- 241

Appendix.   -      -      ...      -      -      -      - 247 
    
   PREFACE.

The publication of the Reminiscential Letters comprised in the following pages, has for years been contemplated by my brother-in-law, Alexander H. McGuffey, Esq., and myself; but no favorable opportunity therefor was presented until the enterprising publishers of the Ohio Valley Historical Series proposed to make of them a volume in that series. As no more appropriate or acceptable place could be given them, we cheerfully placed them in the hands of those gentlemen for that purpose.

Much has been said and written of the warlike and adventurous aspects of Pioneer Life in the West; but these letters are believed to be the only attempt at a detailed description of its more peaceful phases. I can not but regard such a description as a valuable, as well as peculiar, contribution to American literature.

Pioneer life still follows our western border; but, going with the railroad and the telegraph, it is a pastime to what such life was in the last century. The overland journey of more than three thousand miles from Port^ 
   VI

Preface.

land in Maine to Portland in Oregon, requires less time now, than that from Philadelphia to Fort Pitt, some three hundred miles, required at the period described in these letters ; while the ease and comfort of the former is luxury compared with the exposed, protracted, and oftentimes perilous character of the latter. The contrast between the two eras is not less striking than purely American.

As the old-time period recedes from view, its interest increases. If its events were such as might be expected, substantially, to repeat themselves, they are historical guide-posts to succeeding generations; if, however, they belong to conditions, which, in the nature of things, may not be looked for again, they, at least, stimulate inquiry into, and aid in the study of, the character of the people among whom they occurred. In this view, if no other, these letters may be considered to have an appreciable value.

They portray with equal vividness the character of pioneer life, the character of the pioneer boy, and the character of the "old man"   as in them he called himself   who, in describing that life and that boy, unconsciously photographed himself as he was when he wrote; all done with a frankness which invites confidence, a freshness which arrests and rewards attention, and a 
   Preface.

vu

truthfulness which claims belief. This triple portraiture, not often found in such sharpness of outline and fidelity of detail as in these letters, can not, I think, fail to interest the reader.

Of their literary character I may not speak, for two reasons: because of my relation to the writer; and because, aside from my personal knowledge of the fact, they bear internal evidence that they were not designed as a literary performance. They were merely the offhand familiar talk of a father to his children; and as such, while they may not claim exemption from criticism, their freedom from literary pretension may, at least, somewhat turn its edge.

In preparing them for the press and superintending their publication, I reverently and affectionately complete the cairn which marks where passed, on the journey of life, one who, going forth from the uneducated poverty and rugged toil of the frontier in a past age, exemplified in himself the energy, courage, perseverance, and endurance which, in three score and ten years^ have pushed that frontier more than a thousand miles farther west, and will speedily impress our whole wide domain with the grand signet of American civilization.

Those who knew Dr. Drake will recognize in the 
   via

Preface.

portrait accompanying this volume an animated and faithful likeness.

No one will probably estimate lower than I do the biographical sketch which it devolved upon me to prepare in connection with this publication. I would it were better; but, written as it was in the midst of pressing duties adverse to literary effort, I found it impossible to make it what my desire prompted or the subject demanded.

St. Louis, April n, 1870. C. D. D. 
   BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

of

DANIEL DRAKE, M. D.

The life whose first fifteen years are depicted in this volume, was one of devotion to science under many difficulties and with many drawbacks. It was one, also, which surmounted those obstacles and achieved success and distinction. The lesson of patience and perseverance learned in his childhood and youth in the wilds of the "Dark and Bloody Ground" molded that life. With him who learned it, as recounted in the Letters now made public, labor was not more a destiny than a choice, and the pursuit of knowledge not less a desire than a necessity. Far back in my childhood's memories are recollections of his protracted study, his keen and constant observation, his intense search of knowledge through men and books. One of the most distinct impressions left upon me by recollections extending through more than a third of a century prior to his death, is, that he sought knowledge for its own sake and for the good it enabled him to do, rather than for the profit it brought to himself. From my earliest memory to the close of his distinguished career, a broad public spirit inspired his actions : too much so, oftentimes, for his personal benefit.   Had he lived more sel- 
   X

Biographical Sketch of

fishly, the occasion for this prefatory memoir in connection with these letters, might not have existed.

An extended memoir of Doctor Drake, by Edward D. Mansfield, having been published in 1855, I shall confine myself principally to references to his professional and public life, rather than to details of his personal history.

To obtain any just view of his professional and public character and of the obstacles to improvement which he met and overcame, we should know something of what Cincinnati was when he, in December, 1800, became a student of medicine there. It was then a village, of not a dozen years' existence, and with not more than four hundred inhabitants, situated in a wilderness, without commerce, without manufactures, with very limited means of communication with other parts of the country, with no mails to or from any quarter except such as were carried on horseback, without institutions of learning, with the most limited facilities for education in any form, and with little, in fact, to invite population but the hope of a brighter and broader future ; which eventually it realized. Even ten years afterward the whole number of dwelling houses in the town was but 360, and the whole population only 2,320.

To this frontier village this uneducated boy of fifteen went to study the science of medicine. What he was when he went there, these letters describe. What he became in the progress of years, can here be only sketched.

Dr. Drake was the first student of medicine in Cincinnati. His preceptor would probably in this day be regarded as possessing very little medical knowledge, though perhaps gifted with much skill in the use of what he knew. This student plunged into the books which constituted the Doctor's library, full of 
   Daniel Drake, M. D.

xi

medical terms derived from the Latin, of which he had not the least comprehension, and had to clear a way for himself in the field of science, very much as his father and he had had to clear a space for a habitation in the forests of Kentucky. He was less than four years nominally a student, during three of which, he says, it was his function to put up and distribute medicines over the village   medicines which were compounded in what was then called the "Doctor's shop;" concerning which he used subsequently this language: "But few of you have seen the genuine old Doctor's shop, or regaled your olfactory nerves in the mingled odors which, like incense to the god of physic, arose from brown paper bundles, bottles stopped with worm-eaten corks, and open jars of ointment not a whit behind those of the apothecary in the days of Solomon. Yet such a place is very well for the student. However idle, he will always be absorbing a little medicine, especially if he sleep beneath the greasy counter."

In May, 1804, before he had attained the age of nineteen, upon the slender stock of medical knowledge which he had acquired in the three years and a half that he had studied it, he entered upon the practice of his profession in partnership with his preceptor; a partnership which, from his own account, was not a source of much prosperity. In July, 1804, writing to his father, he said that their business increased rapidly, and that they charged from three to six dollars per day ! but he doubted whether one-fourth of it would ever be collected.

Though poor, and troubled by the pecuniary embarrassments of his partner as well as his own, insomuch that he wrote to his father that he had not been able to purchase two books which were at a store in the town, he determined to avail him- 
   Xll

Biographical Sketch of

self of the advantages of medical lectures, and in the fall of 1805 went to Philadelphia as a student in the Pennsylvania University. To accomplish this he was obliged to look to his father for assistance, who rendered it, though himself poor. The winter of 1805-6 was to him a winter of earnest and faithful labor. He wrote : " I learn all I can. I try not to lose a single moment, seeing I have to pay so dear for leave to stay in the city a few months." Again he wrote : " I attend the lectures, and then study until two in the afternoon. After dinner I apply myself closely to books, call for candles, and sit up until one, sometimes two, in the morning. This is my constant plan of conduct. I only sleep six hours in the twenty-four, and when awake try never to lose a single moment. I had not money enough to take a ticket at the Hospital library, and, therefore, had to borrow books."

In the spring of 1806 Dr. Drake returned to Cincinnati, but went thence to Mayslick, where he practised medicine for a year, and then again went to Cincinnati, where was his home during the remainder of his life. The first event of importance after his return was his marriage, in December, 1807, at the age of twenty-two. No further reference to this is intended than that which enables me to render here a fitting tribute to the memory of my Mother.

Her birth-name was Harriet Sisson, and she was born in New Haven, Connecticut, November 11, 1787, and died in Cincinnati, September 30, 1825.

She should have a distinct and honored mention in connection with the account given in these letters of the early years of him in whose heart and memory she was so closely enshrined, and over whose life she exerted so potent and elevating an 
   Daniel Drake, M. D.

xiii

influence. I could not trust myself to attempt a portraiture of her character, and fortunately need not venture it; for be left it elsewhere than in these letters. Soon after her death he began, and from time to time through a period of two years continued, to commit to paper the " Emotions, Reflections, and Anticipations" which alternately swayed his mind and heart. This manuscript, left among his papers at his death, is now in my possession. Sacred from observation as nearly all of.it is, there are yet portions which, in my judgment, may be properly given to the world as an intimate and noble part of himself. No insight into his life and character can approach completeness which leaves her out of view. I therefore feel justified in presenting here such passages as at once portray her person and character, and indicate the nature and extent of her influence upon him.   From it I group the following selections :

" Wherefore should I record that which now occupies my mind, seeing that she to whose scrutiny and approbation all my thoughts were exhibited is no more ? For years the repository of whatever arose in my soul, the partner of every emotion, she is now Withdrawn behind the curtain of death, leaving me at once rent asunder with feelings of grief, and destitute of those sympathies which alone-could afford consolation. Her presence only could alleviate the sufferings which the loss of that presence has excited.

"What is the relation in which we now stand ? Does her disembodied spirit take cognizance of me and mine ? look down with the just discrimination of past times on my actions and efforts, approving or condemning, exhorting, animating, and enjoying, according as those actions conformed themselves to the principles of honor and conjugal affection ? Could I believe her still within my sphere, a witness of my actions, a listener to my expressions, frowning upon that which should be condemned, and deriving satisfaction from that which on earth gave her joy in my conduct and conversation I should at once be reconciled to her personal absence.

" For eighteen years and more we had been coalescing in spirit. An identity of existence had gradually been established. Our hearts had become conjoined. They were conjoined .on principles of equality. The relation of superior and inferior came not into the union. It excluded, it abhorred all despotism and all servility. It was not that of activity uniting itself with apathy. All was reciprocal strength of feeling. It depended not on temporary or temporizing principles. It embraced no expedients, no transient or sinister objects. It was deep and durable as life itself $ but alas! how short and uncertain is life. 
   XIV

Biographical Sketch of

"Our marriage was from love; our love from mutual respect and esteem. It rested on no considerations of family or fortune, was excited and inflamed by no arts or affectation.   It was a spontaneous sentiment in both souls, and rose simultaneously.

" I was twenty-two, she twenty. In person she was of middle stature or rather less, with a comely though not beautiful form, but erect, elastic, and dignified ; in countenance animated, forceful, expressive; free from affected looks and gestures; inclining to an aspect: of honest and native pride. The great charm of her presence was simplicity. Her appearance and manner exhibited not less naivete than her conversation. This was always marked by good sense and good feeling. Her opportunities of acquiring knowledge, particularly scholastic learning, had been limited; but her observation of those abouc her and of society was acute and discriminating. She saw with accuracy and judged with correctness. She expressed herself with that modesty which pervaded all her actions. In mixed circles she was silent. To her immediate friends and associates only did she disclose the intrinsic beauties of her soul. In regard to marriage her great maxim was, to marry for love, and to love from manifestations of character.

" Our courtship was not coy, nor formal, nor protracted. My desires and designs were made known to her guardian aunt (Mrs. Colonel Jared Mansfield) before they had been, in words, communicated to herself. They were approved by her to whom triey were addressed ; and nature had already assured me they would be approved by her who was their object. A few interviews brought us to a full understanding, almost independently of the use of words. We conversed on the objections which each might find in the other; and while contemplating the obstacles to a union, our spirits imperceptibly commingled into one. Perfect reciprocal confidence arose before we were conscious of perfect love ; and ere the marriage rites were performed, our fortunes and fates were "indissolubly united and our souls consecrated to each other.

" We began the world in love and hope and poverty. It was all before us, and we were under the influence of the same ambition to possess it; to acquire not wealth merely, but friends, knowledge, influence, distinction. We had equal industry and equal aspirations. She devoted herself to every duty of her station, and might have been a model to those much older and, in bodily powers, much abler than herself. But her active understanding and warm sensibilities did not suffer her attention to exhaust itself on objects of domestic economy. Her mind was highly inquisitive, and she soon manifested a rising interest in my studies and literary pursuits. She evinced a fondness for my society, even when my attention was absorbed by these objects, and it was not long before she became my companion when I was engaged in study. I retired not from the association, and custom soon rendered it desirable. She often read to me select passages from books which attracted her attention, while I was reading those of a different kind. Her selections were always marked by the good sense and good taste which characterized her whole life. I read to her in turn,-and she comprehended and commented. kShe seldom wrote, but soon manifested that she was an excellent judge of composition. She not only sat by my side conversing, more or less, while I wrote at various times the most that I have written, but my constant practice was to exhibit to her inspection whatever I wrote. She saw the first draughts, and criticized with taste, judgment, severity, and,love.   We were thu*i together personally 
   Daniel Drake, M. D.

xv

and spiritually, in most of my domestic hours. When abroad for social enjoyment, we seldom were without each other. I had no separate social or sensual gratifications, no tavern orgies, no political club recreations, no dissipated pleasures nor companions. Society was no society to me without her presence and co-operation.

u We lived together, not merely at home and in the houses and society of our friends, but frequented, as far as possible, in conjunction, all places of rational curiosity, of improvement, and of innocent and attractive amusement. On such occasions, her observations were always just, instructive, and piquant. I relied upon her taste and judgment; I adopted her approval; J submitted my own impressions to her decision; i was gratified in proportion as she approved and enjoyed.

" We journeyed much together. At various times we had traveled with each other more than five thousand miles by land and water. This was not all. Many years ago she began to ride with me in my gig while I was engaged on professional business, and this practice had at last grown into a confirmed habit. It was a daily custom   -a sort of afternoon recreation, and was often kept up till bed time. In the coldest nights of winter she sometimes traversed with me the town and its vicinity in every direction. The time which most delighted her was the evening, before and at sunset. To view and admire the scenery of the atmosphere, was then a great object. Her admiration for such exhibitions was unbounded. The love of brilliant and delicate coloring was in her a passion.

"In these evening rides we conversed on all subjects; discussed matters of business; inquired into the wants and interests of the family; compared and contrasted the dispositions and characters of our children ; speculated on their future condition; fixed the relative rank and value of our friends and acquaintances ; canvassed all our schemes of ambition, of gain, and of love. She often carried a book and read, sitting in the gig, while I was occupied in the chambers of the sick. She frequently declared that she felt so happy no where else as in this situation. When asked where was her home since our partial removal to Lexington, she often answered, * In the gig.* In truth, we almost lived in the open air. She has thus become associated with every pursuit and every object that lies before me. I can resort to nothing which does not reflect her image, and exhibit to me what I have lost.

" A more devoted mother never lived. The love of her offspring was at once a passion and a principle. After her husband, all her solicitude, her ambition, and her vanity were for her children. She loved them tenderly   she loved them practically, but she loved them with discretion, and was jealous of whatever could impair their qualities, manners, or physical constitution. Her tenderness was without frailty, her fondness without folly, her care without sickliness. Her affection begat vigilance, and modified the indulgence which maternal love too often sanctions, to the ruin of its object. She loved her children, but she also respected virtue, intelligence, modesty, industry, accomplishments, and honest distinction. She loved them as candidates for excellence. Hence her affections were chastened with severity, and the greater her attachment the more intense her desire to preserve the subjects of it from folly, vulgarity, and vice. Her care rose with her love, and her corrections multiplied with her admiration. 
   Biographical Sketch of

" Few persons had equal skill in domestic economy ; and while some husbands were employed In a system of supervision, I might have been occupied in receiving from her lessons of economy. An inextinguishable love of independence was the foundation of her system. Her great aim was to make the means within her reach subservient to the wants and wishes of those for whom she had to provide the necessaries and comforts of life. For its elegancies no one had a higher natural relish; but this passion never betrayed her into an act of extravagance. In limiting herself, she made sacrifices of which persons of a different taste could not be apprised ; but she made them without a murmur. She felt deprivation, but abhorred dependence. Her opinions and advice on this subject were always worthy of adoption; and one of the errors of my life was my not having more fully observed them. Far from being extravagant, t have been imprudent; and with a natural disposition for independence, I contracted those debts which in reality destroyed it, before I was apprised of the effects which they never fail to produce. She had been rocked in the cradle of poverty. The want of early opportunities had for a time crippled the perfect development of her faculties. Dependence had irritated her pride. The desire to see her children placed beyond its morbid influence had become a ruling passion. Her daughters were especially the subjects of this anxiety, and to leave them in possession of the means of education and support, without the pecuniary aid of friends, was a desire of her heart which death only could extinguish.

" She had studied the subject of education with great care and inquisitivcness. Her favorite author Was Mrs. Elizabeth Hamilton,, a copy of whose Treatise was presented to her by Mr. Ogilvie, the orator. She, however, read all works on the subject that fell into her hands, and all the stories, tales, narratives, and essays, which came within her reach, designed for the perusal of children. Of these she was most partial to those by Miss Edgeworth and her father. She sought "in such works a practical illustration of the doctrines and maxims of elementary books. Her extraordinary love and admiration for little children led her, moreover, to take a deep interest in those and other works of fiction which faithfully portray the characters, and vividly exhibit the passions and propensities, the hopes and joys and sorrows of infancy and childhood. In the choice of books for her own children, of which she bought many, she was scrupulously careful. She bought none without first reading or vigilantly looking over them. Whatever might deprave the taste or moral feelings of the child, plant "in its heart the seeds of impiety, infuse superstition, or perplex and mislead its judgment by an absurd departure from nature, she regarded with great disapprobation. She often required her children to read to her in the books she had selected for them. Charles was so much absent from her that he could not do it very often, and Harriet Echo was too young to have exercised herself much in that way. With Elizabeth, however, it was during the last two years a constant practice, and she esteemed it a very great favor thus to read to her mother. It was to the mother a source of much pleasure and amusement to watch the workings of the daughter's countenance, and hear her little exclamations of emotion and her childish expressions of preference or disapprobation. On such occasions her mother never failed to ask and answer questions, offer explanations, clear up doubts, and introduce new and apposite reflections for the consideration of the daughter. 
   Dr. Daniel Drake.

xvn

" With a reference in a great degree to the education of our children, she was accustomed to read many of those works which, consisting of short essays upon society, or rather upon individual classes of men and objects in society, seemed to supply the elements of a system of education. Of these she preferred the numbers of Johnson as found in the Rambler, and of Bacon in his Mural Essays. She was not less captivated by the vigor of style in which these great writers express themselves, than by the profound wisdom of their maxims and reflections. Her taste and temperament led her to relish a strong more than a beautiful and polished, but weak style. The union of power and opulence in Bacon was peculiarly attractive to her. To this natural admiration for strength and originality in style and matter may be traced her great preference of Homer and Milton over all other poets. She had for them a decided taste, and continued through the last ten years of her life to recur to them constantly. She confined her readings, however, to the Iliad and Paradise Lost. The second and sobered efforts of those great masters of song she found insipid. To Virgil she was not partial in any palpable degree. She had first read the Iliad, and admired it too much to relish highly what she regarded as the more tame and tedious narrative of the ^Enead. Her taste, however, was by no means limited to the sublime : it fixed upon the beautiful with all the energy of a passion ; but it must be the beautiful with strength, proportions, and originality that could captivate her. She was fond of the elegant descriptions of the Metamorphoses of Ovid. For beauty without simplicity and energy, in poetry, painting, or person, she had no affection."

This much, from two hundred and fourteen manuscript pages, I have selected as his portrait of a wife and mother, loved, respected, and mourned by many, but after the lapse of so many years remembered now by few, and as his picture of a married life which too seldom has its like. My memory, reaching back with distinctness over half the period of that married life, affectionately attests the unexaggerated fidelity of both the portrait and'the picture.

It is not strange that with such a wife Dr. Drake's life should have assumed the character of high professional aspiration. That with his desire for professional success, stimulated by necessity, he should have devoted himself with assiduity to his profession, was to have been expected ; but such influence as hers was calculated to urge him, as it did, to the highest ambition lor distinction as well as success. 
   XV111

Biographical Sketch of

Throughout his professional career, after the year 1809, Dr. Drake wrote and published much upon medical and other subjects. The first authentic account of Cincinnati was published by him in the year 1810, in a pamphlet of sixty-four pages, entitled Notices concerning Cincinnati; in which he treats briefly of the topography, geology, climate, diseases, population, and condition of the then village of three hundred and sixty dwellings. From that humble beginning, expanding out into professional inquiry over the whole field of medicine, and over the whole territory of the valley of the Mississippi, grew eventually, and was given to the world two years before his death, his great work On the Principal Diseases of the Interior Valley of North America, which is referred to more extendedly in the latter part of this sketch.

In 1814, he delivered before the School of Literature and Arts, at Cincinnati, an anniversary address ; which was published, but, singularly enough, without his name. That there should have been a School of Literature and Arts organized in Cincinnati in 1813, when its population could not probably have exceeded four thousand, and it was still in the Far West, will be regarded as a fact of interest by those who have known that place only as a central object in a region inhabited by millions, among whom knowledge and intelligence are well nigh universally diffused.

It is curious to know what, in that early period, the School of Literature and the Arts did. It appears from this address that during the first year of its existence it had assembled more than twenty times for literary exercises.   He says :

" The essays of the members equaled all reasonable expectation. Some of them consisted chiefly of original matter, while others manifested a degree of research which 
   Daniel Drake, M. D.

xix

is honorable to their authors and auspicious to the School. It would be amusing to review their contents, but being restricted to limits too narrow for the undertaking, I will substitute a catalogue of their titles, that, by a single glance we can see the number and diversity of the subjects to which our attention has been directed. I shall enumerate them in the order of their delivery:

"i. An Essay on Education ; 2. On the Earthquakes of 1811, 1812, 1813 ; 3. On Light; 4. On Carbon; 5. On Air; 6. On the Mind; 7. On Agriculture; 8. On Caloric; 9. On Gravitation; 10. On Instinct; II. Notices of the Aurora Borealis of the 17th of April and nth of September, 1814; 12. An Essay on Water, considered chemically and hydrostatically; 13. On Common Sense ; 14. On Heat; 15. On the Mechanical Powers; 16. On the Theory of Earthquakes; 17. On Enthusiasm ; 18. On the Geology of Cincinnati and its vicinity, illust