xt73ff3kwr25 https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt73ff3kwr25/data/mets.xml Spalding, M.J. (Martin John), 1810-1872. 1876  books b92-264-31852041v1 English J. Murphy, : Baltimore : Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Reformation. History of the Protestant reformation  / in a series of essays ; reviewing D'Aubignbe, Menzel, Hallan ... and others ... ; by M.J. Spalding. (vol. 1) text History of the Protestant reformation  / in a series of essays ; reviewing D'Aubignbe, Menzel, Hallan ... and others ... ; by M.J. Spalding. (vol. 1) 1876 2002 true xt73ff3kwr25 section xt73ff3kwr25 




       THEE HISTORY

                OF THE


Protestant Reformation,
                  IN

  GERMANY AND SWITZERLAND,

                AND IN



ENGLAND, IRELAND,



SCOTLANDD, TIIE NETIIERLANDS,



       FRANCE, AND NORTIIERN EUROPE.

         IN A SERIES OF ESSA YS;

REVIEWiNG D'AUBIGNE, MENZEL, HALLAMI, BISHOP SHORT, PRESCOTT,
           RANKEc, FRYXELL, AND OTHERS.

             IN TWO VOLUMES



BY M. J.



SPALDING, D . D.



         ARCHBISHOP OF I3ALTIMORB.

            Vol. I.
 REFORmATION IN GERMANY AND SWITZERLAND.


 SEVENTH EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED.





          BALTIMORE:
PUBLISHED BY JOHN AMURPHY & CO.
       182 BALTI'MORE STREET.
              1 8 9 f.

 


























ENTERED, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1860, by R T. RE V.
  M. J. SPALDIGC, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the
  United States for the District of Kentucky.



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by
               JOHN M URPh Y,
in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

 



PREFACE TO VOLUME I.



  ABOUT twenty years ago I published a Review of D'Aubign6's Hiitory
of the Reformation in Germany and Switzerland. The edition having
been soon exhausted, I was often called on by friends to issue a second
one; but circumstances beyond my control long prevented me from
acceding to their request.  During the interval, several editions of
D'Aubign6's work were published both in England and America, and
two or more new volumes were added, containing the history of the
German and Swiss Reformation, and commencing that of England. No
notice, however, was taken by the author, so far as I have bet n able to
discover, of the facts and reasoning contained in the Review, though the
latter was republished in Ireland, and pretty widely circulated.
  In preparing a second edition, I at first hesitated dihehlier it would be
worth while to pay any further attention to a writer, who is cle.rly so
bitter a partisan, and so wholly unreliable as an historian. His pre-
tended history is, in fact, little better than a romance. He omits more
than half the facts, and either perverts or draws on his imagination for
the remainder.  This may seem a strong accusation ; but it is amply
borne out by the authorities and specifications contained in the Rclvieiw.
Ilaving started out, it would seem, with the pre-determination to paint
the German Reformers as saints, and the Reformation as the work of
God, he makes every thing bend to his preconceived theory.
  Still, as his Work continued to be read, and perhaps believed by a con-
siderable number of sincere persons, I decided to re-issue the Revicwv in
an amended and considerably enlarged form, in order that those, who
really wished to discover the whole truth in regard to the Reformation,
might have an opportunity to read at least some of the facts on the other
side. But, at the same time, I thought it better to enlarge the plan of
the work, and to embrace in it Essays on the rise and history of the
Reformation in all the other principal countries of Europe.
  This is done in the second Volume, in which is furnished a summary
of the principal facts connected with the rise and progress of the Refor-
mation in England, Ireland, Scotland, the N etherlands, France, and
: orthern Europe. These Essays are mostly Reviews of different Protes-
tant works, and hence the style of the Reviewer, which has been adopted
in the original publication, has been preserved throughout both Volumes.
  The range of the present publication is thus very wide; and I feel that
I have not been able, in so brief a compass, to do full justice to a subject,
upon which so may learned volumes have been written on both sides.
Still I am conscious of having honestly endeavored to do whatever I was
able, to throw light upon a department of history so very important in
itself and in its practical bearings, and so little understood among our
separated brethren.
                                                          iii

 




  My principal object has been, to condense within a brief space a ccn-
siderable amount of facts and authorities, which are scattered over many
works not easily accessible to the mass of readers. Seeking to be useful
rathler than original, I have preferred to let others speak, whenever I
Ihought their testimony would be likely to prove more wuighty than my
own words or reasoning. I have hence generally preferred Protestant
to Catholic testimony; and the only merit I claim, besides that of an
hon st and earnest wish to promote the cause of truth, is that of some
industry in collecting, and endeavoring to condense and knit together
Protestant authorities, in regard to the character of the Reformers and
of the Reformation. The testimony of such witnesses is not likely to be
undervalued or impeached by those who are outside the Catholic Church.
  Prefixed to the first Volume, will be found an Introductory Essay on
the religious and moral condition of Europe before the Reformation; and
to the second, a similar one on England during the centuries which pre-
ceded the reign of Henry VIII. These general views are deemed impor..-
ant for a better understanding and a more correct appreciation of the
Reformation itself, the champions of which are in the habit of justifying
it on the ground of alleged abuses and corruptions running through many
centuries, and deemed incurable by any other means than that of total
separation from the Old Church of our fathers  I have also added, at
the end of each Volume, some Notes containing valuable documentary
evidence.
  The work, thus enlarged in the second edition, soon passed to a third;
and now the fourth edition is presented, with honest intent to the Ameri-
can Public. If I shall succeed in bringing back even one honest inquirer
from the mazes of error into "the One Fold of the One Shepherd," my
labor will not have been wholly in vain.
BALrimoaz, Easter Monday, 1865.

              ANNOUNCEMENT OF A NEW         EDITION.
  ARCH1BISHiOP SPALDINO had intended to issue a complete and uniform
edition of all his works; and he was occupied with this task when his
last illness came upon him. The new and revised edition of the HISTORY
OF TIHE REFORMATION, the EVIDENCES OF CATHOLICITY, and the Mis-
CELLANKA, which is now offered to the Public, was prepared by Arch-
bishop Spalding himself-the corrections and additions being from his
own hand. To the Evidences of Catholicity, as the reader will perceive,
he has added his Pastoral Letter on the Infallibility of the Pope; and to
the History of the Reformation, he has appended an Article entitled:
Rome and Geneva.
The Life of Bi-hop F7aget and the Sketches of Kentucky, which Archbishop Spalding
intended to re-write and publish in one volume, are not contained in the present
edition of his works, since the corrections and additions, which it had been his
purpose to make, are incomplete.
BALTNOaX, scpt. 8, 1875.



iT



PRE:FACE!.

 



          GENERAL DIVISION.



              INTRODUCTION.

VIEW OF EUROPE BEFORE THE REFORMATION, .



PAGE.
17



                   PART I.

CHARACTER OF THE REFORMERS.. . . . . . . . .    1

                   PART II.

CAUSES AND MANNER OF THE REFORMATION .  . . . . 102


                  PART III.

INFLUENCE OF THE REFORMATION ON REIGION, . . . . 221

                   PART IV.

INFLUENCE OF THE REFORMATION ON SOCIETY, . . . . . 315

 This page in the original text is blank.

 




                    CONTENTS OF VOTLUME L.



                                 INTRODUCTION.

             VIEW   OF EUROPE BEFORE THE REFORMATION, Pp. 17-70.

UTILITY of this retrospective view ... ........... 17  The Papacy comes out of it unscathed ......... 47
The origin of European Governments .......... 18 I Catholic Reformation ................................. 47
The Northmen ....................................  18 Overcoming Scandals .. .............................. 49
Romte the Civilizer .................................... 19 I The llussites .....................................   o0
Protestant testimony ................................. 20  Preponderance of Good over Evil ................ 51
The Pope and the Emperor ........................ 21  The Monasteries .....................................  52
Charlemagne .    .................................... 21  Dr. .Maitland s testimnony ........................... 52
Guelphs and Ghilellie s ...................... 2-4  Dr. Roberton convicted of gross misrepre-
Temporal liosrier of the 'Pope ......................2 1  sentatiozis ....... ...... . . . . .. 53
Three great fiLcts............           25  Homily of St. Eligius.S
Freedoim of the C h'1rch ...................   26  his warning against idolatry anid uperstition :6.
Election of Bish-p .............................. .27  A model mediirval loliiily ...........................57
Catholic munitiic.,ce in middle ages ............ 28  St. Bernard :und St. Vincent Ferrer .............. .'.9
The Truce ot God .................................... 30  The Pragmatic Sanction . .61
Question of Investitures ............................ 32  Its Mnischievous tendency .61
Horrible alunses ....................................   32  Letter of Pope Pius I .62
Gregory VII. and IHenry IV ........................ 32  Preparation for the Reformation .63
The Controversy settled ............................. 35  Revival of Learning .63
Blit its germs renin ................................. 36  Art of Printing .64
Modern historic jusbtice .............................. 38  Italv leads the way .64
Growth of M;alYmnuuu uisn    .          3 9........... 3.. Testimony of Macaulay ..of............64
Fourteenth aiill Filte(uth Centuries ............ 40  The ltumanists and Dominicans .66
Bloniface VI11. and Philip the Fair ... .......... 41 The Pope and Liberty .66
Faction ii and heresy .................................... 44  Testimotiy of Laing .67
The   nlew N i;I iS .................................Mne  44  Suimming up .67
The Flagellants ....................................  45  Four couucliisions reached .68
The Great Schism .................................... 46  What we propose to examine and prove . 70


                                   PART L.

                   CHARACTER OF TILE REFORMERS.

                                    CHAPTER I.

            LUTHER AND TIlE OTIIER GERMAN REFORMERS, pp. 71-101.

D'Aulbignd's opinion .................................. 71  His courage and fawning.   86
A refornied key ....................................   72  llis violence and coarse.ess.  87
Luither's parents .................................... 72  Not excusable by the spirit of his age . 89
lis early training .................................... 73  Ills tilasphenies .89
A naughty boy ....................................7. 3 73Recrimination .89
Convents ....................................  4 'Christian compliments .89
lleiig " led to God," and " not led to God'... 74  "Conference with the devil .90
lie enters the Angustinian convent  ............. 74  Which got the better of the argument . 90
Austerities ....................................   75  Luther's morality .91
A " Iread bag ..................................... 75 Tanle-talk .91
Ilis faith and scruples ................................7,5 1tis sermon on marriage .92
1tis humility amid zeal ................................7.6  A Vixen .98
Luther a reformer .................................... 6  How to do "mischief to the Pope" .98
Grows worseo.7se............................ .... 77  A striking contrast .98
Becomes reckless ................       78  How to fulfil vows.................................... 98
His sincerity tested ................7 9    Ilis marriage.98
Saying and munsaving ................   80  Misgivings .98
Misgivings          ................ 80     Epigrams and satires.98
Tortuous windings ..........................   81 Curious incidents in his last sickness . 99
how to spite the Pope ..........................  83  Death-bed confession  .100
Curious incident ........... ............... 84 Hlls death .100
Melancthon and his mother ........................ 85 The reformed key used .101
Luther's talents and eloquence ................... 85 Character of the other reformers . 101
His taste.....                          86 1

 




Viii                                CONTENTS.



                                  PART IL.


          CAUSES AND MANNER OF TIIE REFORMATION.


                                   CHAPTER II.

CHIARACTER OF THE REFORMATION-THEORY OF Df'ArniBiG EXAMINED, pp. 102-109.

The question stated .......................  102 1 Why Germany was converted .................... 105
D'Aubign6's opinion ......................  102  Why Italy and Spain were not .................. 106
Mother and daughter ............................. 103  Luther and Mohanimed ............................ 107
Argumentum ad Ihontinem ........................ 103  Reasoning by contraries ......................... - 107
Jumping at a conclusion ....................   104  Why France continued Catholic ................ 108
Second causes..........                105


                                   CHAPTER III.

                  PRETEXTS FOR THE REFORMATION, pp. 110-128.

Usual plea .............................   110 I Miltitz and Cardinal Cajetan ..................... 119
Abuses greatly exaggerated ...................... 110 ! Kindness thrown away ............................. 119
Three questions put and answered .............111 l  Luther iii tears ........................ ...... 119
(Origin of alms' .............................. 111 I  Efforts of Rome .......................  120
Free-will unimpaired ..............................111 l  Leo X. and Adrian VI ...................... . 120
Comuncils to (extirl)ate abuses ..................... 112 Their forbearance censured by Catholic
Church thwarted by princes and the world.. 113writers.                              120
Controversy on Investitures ..................... 113  Their tardy severity justified by D'Aubign6.. 121
Extent of the evil ...............     113  Luther's real puirpose .......................   1122
Sale of indulgences ...............    114 The proper remedy .......................   122
St. Peter's Church ...............     114 The real issue .......................     124
John Tetzel...............             116 Nufllification.......................    125
his errors greatly exaggerated .................. 116 "Curing and cutting a throat' ..................... 125
Public penance .........................   117  Luther's avowal ...............................   12f6
License to sin.........                118  Admissions of the confession of Augsbmurg
Nature of indulgences ..................   118  and of DaillI .................        127
Tetzel rebuked and his conduct disavowed    Summing up .128
  by Rome.....                          118 I


                                   CHAPTER IV.

THE TRE: CAVSES OF THE REFORMATION, AND THE MEANS BY WHICH IT WAS
                               EFFECTED, Pp. 128-167.



Saying of Frederick the Great .................. 128
What we mean to prove ........................... 129
Testimony of Hallam ...............................12.]9
Doctrines of Luther .................................     131
Justification without works ...................... 131
Its dreadful consequences avowed ... .......... 131
The " slave-will ....................................     133
Man, a beast with two riders ..................... 134
Dissuasive from      celibacy ........................... 134
An easy way to heaven ..................... I ....... 135
D'A    lbign6's discreet silence ...................... 136
Testimony of the Diet of Worms on Lu-
  ther's doctrines .................................... 136
An old lady emancipated .......................... 138
Protection of princes ............................... 138
Schlegel's testimony ................................. 139
The reformers flatter princes and pander to
  their vices ....................................       139
Remarkable avowals of Menzel ................. 139



The Reformation and state policy .............. 140
The princes become bishops ...................... 142
A reformed dispensation ........................... 142
Character of reformed princes .................. 143
Their cupidity ...................................   143
Fed by Luther ...................................   143
Protestant restitution ..............................  143
Open violence and sacrilegious spoliation ... 144
The modus operandi of the Reformation .... 154
Schlegel again......................................... 156
Abuse of the press ................................... 158
Vituperation and calumny ........................ 1 59
Policy of Luther's marriage .....................1 63
Apostate monks .163
Recapitulation.................................... 164
A distinction...................................... 165
The Reformation " a reappearance of Chris-
  tianity"16 , .       .,. 18d

 




CONTENTS.



                                   CHAPTER V.

            Tif  REFORMATION IN SWITZERLAND-ZUVICH, Pp. 167-181.

The Reformation in Switzerland more radi-   Protestant martyrs ................................... 173
cal than that in Germany ...................... 168  Suppression of the Mass .174
Yet like it ...........................  168 Sokmnity of the reformed worship .    175
Sows dissensions............................ 168 Downright paganism .               175
Muingle warlike and superstitious .............. 169 The Reformation and matrinony .   176
Claims precedency over Luther ................. 169 Zuingle's marriage and misgivings . 1. 77
Black or white....... .................... 170Romance among nuns.                   177
Precursory disturbances ........................... 171  How to get a husband.     178
Aldermen deciding on faith .1..................... 172 Perversion of Scripture.    179
Itow the fortress was entrenched ............... 172  St. Paul on celibacy.        179
Riot and conflagration............................. 172  Recapitulation .180
Enlightenment..........                173



                                  CHAPTER VI.

            TnE REFORMATION IN SWITZERLAND-BERNE, pp. 181-201.

History by Louis De Haller .    .................... 181 Priests hunted down .191
A standara authority .........................   181  Character of the ministers ....................... 192
Berne the centre of operations .1..8.. 1      S2 Avowal of Capito .19_
De HalIler's pyint of view ....................... 182 The glorious privilege of private judgtrlk,;  t  192
Hlis character as an historian .................... 183 how consistent! .. :3
His authorities ..........   .............. 18.3 Persecution of brother Protestants.   14
Wavering of Berne ..............       184  Drowning the Anabaptirs ........................ 194
Tortuous policy..............          185  Reformation in Ueneva. 1..               4
Itow she eml'-raced the reform .................. 185  Rnpid summary of horrors ........................ 195
The bear and the pears ............................. 185  The Bernese army of invasion .195
Treacherous perjury of Berne ................... 186  The sword and the Bible .195
Ztlinglian council ............................... 186  Forbearance of Catholics.  196
Its deerees.       ............................... 186  Affecting incident at Soleure.  19T
Religious lilbrty crushed .......................... 187  The war of Cappell .198
Rtiot . rl ;ssa      rlee........................... ad g1S  Points of resemblance .98
Proceedings of liernese commissioners ........e188  An armed apostle .199
Downright tyrannty ...............................  188  A prophet quailing before danger . 195
The minister Farel ...............................  189  Battle of Cappell .200
this fiery zeal ...............................   189  Death of Zuingle .200
An appalling picturei....................I......... 189 Triumph of Catholic cantons .200
A parallel ...............................   190 Treaty of peace .200



                                  CHAPTER VII.

     REACTION OF CATIHOLICITY AND DECLINE OF PROTESTANTISM, Pp. 201-220.



Two parallel developments ....................... 202
The brave old ship .................................     202
Modern Protestautismquite powerless....... 203
A  " thorough godly reformation" needed .... 204
Qualities for a reformer ............................ 204
The three days' battle .............................. 204
The puzzle.............................................. 205
A thing doomed .................................205
Which gained the victory ....................... 206
The French revolution .............................. 206
Rank6 and Hallam................................... 208
The rush of waters stayed ......................... 208
Persecution................................. 209
Protestant spice....................................... 209
The Council of Trent ............................... 210
Revival of piety .................................       210
The Jesuits.................................211



Leading causes and practical results ...........       12
Decline of Protestantism ............. ............. 212
Apt comparison..............................1:;
What stemmed the current ..................          215... . 2i.'
Thread of Ariadne ..............................   2.14
Divine Providence .........................     ..... 214
Reaction of Catholicity .............................. 2114
Casaubon and Grotius .............................. 215
Why they were not converted ................... 216
Ancient and modern Puseyism .................. 216
Justus Lipsius and Cassander .................... 216
The inference...........  ................... 217
8plerdid passage of Macaulay .................       217
Catholicity and enlightenment .   ....... 211
The Chutirch indestrnctihle ................... .... 21 )
General gravitation to Rome .............. ...... 220
The circle and its center ........................ 220



ix

 

                              CONTENTS.





                          PART III.

 INFLUENCE OF THE REFORMATION ON RELIGION.


                           CHAPTER VIII.

INFLUENCE OF THE REFORMATION ON DOCTRINAL BELIEF, pp. 221-244.



The nature of Religion ......................   221
A golden chlain ......................     221
Question stated .......     ............... 2-22
Private judgment ......................    223
Church authoritv ........    .............. 223
As many religions as heads ...................... 224
D'Aubign6 s the-ory ......................   224
Its poetic beauty ......................   224
Fever of logmwchy ......................   226
"Sons of liberty .....     ................. 227
The Bible dissected ......................   227
A hydra-headed monster ......................  228
Erasmu.is.       ..................... 229
"Curing a lanm  horse . ...................... 229
Luther puzzled.         ...................... 229
His plaint....       .................. 229
His inconsis.tency ........  .............. 230
Missions and miracles ......................   231



Zuingle's inconsistency ............................. 232
Strange fanaticism ................................... 233
Storck.......................................233
MUnzer........................................233
Karlstadt, and John of Leyden .................. 233
A  new    deluge .......................................    234
Retorting the argument ........................... 235
Discussion at the " Black Boar................... 237
Luther and the cobbler ............................. 238
Discussion     at Marburg .............................. 239
Luther's avowal ....................................... 240
Breaking      nec-s ....................................... 241
Melancthon's lament ................................ 241
The inference .......................................       241
Protestantism       the mother of infidelity ....... 242
Picture of modern Protestantism in Ger-
  many by Schlegel ................................. 244



                      CHAPTER IX.

INFLUENCE OF TEE REFORMATION.ON MORALS, pp. 245-274.



Two methods of investigation ................... 245
Conn ctionaf of doctrine and morals ............. 245
Salutary inilunence of Catholic doctrines..... 246
Of c   si    ...................................... 246
Objectih ns answered ................................. 246
Of celibacv .....................................   249
Its manifold advantages ........................... 250
Utility of the doctrines of satisfaction and
  indulgences .....................................   250
Of fasting .....................................   251
Of prayers for the dead ............................ 252
Of communion of saints ........................... 252
Sanctity of marriage ................................ 253
Divorces.....     .                    253



Influence of Protestant doctrines .............. 254
Shocking disorders ................................... 255
Testimony of Erasmus ............................. 255
Bigamny and polygamy ............................. 256
Mohammedanism .................................... 257
Practical results .....................................  257
Testimonies of Luther, Buccer, Calvin, and
  Melancthon .....................................      258
The reformers testifying on their own work.. 259
Nilinger's researches ............................... 260
Character of Erasmus .............................. 269
John Reuchlin ......................................     270
Present state of morals in Protestant coun-
  tries..................................... 270



                              CHAPTER X.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE REFORMATION ON PUBLIC WORSHIP, pp. 274-287.



General influence of the Reformation on
worship.....................................274
Audin's picture          of it .................................  275
Luther rebukes violence ........................... Z75
But w.avers.....................................276
Giving     life to a skeleton ........................... 276
Taking a leap.....................................277
Mutilating       the sacraments ........................ 277
New    systein of Judaism ............................ 278
Chasing      away    the mists ............................ 27 8
Protestant inconsistencies ........................ 278
A drearywadte.....................................279
No altars nor sacrifice.............................2 79
A  land of mourning ................................. 279
Protestant plaints ....................................          280



And tribute to Catholic worship ................ 286
A touching anecdote...........................281
Continual prayer...........................281
Vandalism rebuked...........................282
Grandeur of Catholic worship .................... 282
Churches always open...........................283
Protestant worship...........................283
The  abbath day...........................284
Getting up a revival........        ....... 285
Protestant music and prayer ..................... 285
The pew system....   ........................... 285
The fosl 0-nable religion ........................... 286
The two forms of worship compared ......... 286
St. Peter's church ...............................          286
The fine arts...............................28-

 

CONTENTS.



xi



                                   CHAPTER XI.

INFLUENCE   OF THE REFORMATION      ON THE BIBLE, ON BIBLE      READING, AND    BIBLI-
                              CAL STUDIES, pp. 288-314.
Protestant boastings ................................ 2881 In Iceland ...............................   300
Theory of D'Aubign6 ............................... 289  Syriac and Armenian versions .................. 30
Luther finds a Bible ................................. 289  Summary and inference ............................ 300
How absurd! .................................   290  Polyglots................................................. 301
The '-chained Bible ................................. 290 1 Luthers false assertion ............................ 302
Maitland's triumphant refutation .............. 290 e Reading the Bible ...............................   303
Secketiorf rersus D'Aubign6 ...................... 292  Fourth rule of the index ........................... 304
Menzel's testimony ................................. 293  A religious vertigo remedied ..................... 304
The Catholic Church and the Bible ........... 293  More harm than good .............................. 304
The Latin language ................................. 293  Present discipline.................................... 306
Vernacular versions before Luther's .......... 295 i A common slander ...............................  306
In Germany .................................   295  Protestant versions ............................... 3 :06
In Italy .................................   297 1 Mutual compliments................................. 307
In France .................................   298  Version of King James ............................. 308
In Spain .................................    298  The Doniay and Vulgate Bibles .................. 309
In England .................................   299  Private interpretation .............................. 311
In Flanders ............................................299  German rationalism ...............................  311
In Sclavonia .................................. 300  Its blasphemies....................................... 312
In Sweden............................................... 300  Rationalism in Geneva ............................. 314



                                 PART IV.

        INFLUENCE OF TILE REFORMATION ON SOCIETY.

                                  CHAPTER XII.

     INFLUENCE OF THE REFORMATION ON RELIGIOUS LIBERTY, pp. 315-344.
Stating the question ................................. 315  Zuingle................................................... 328
Two aspects............................................. 316  The drowned Jew ...............................   330
Professions............................................. 316  Calvinistic intolerance ............................. 330
D'Aubign6's theory ................................. 317  Persecution of Catholics ........................... 330
" Combating" ad libitum ........................... 318  Diet of Spires ..............................   331
Diversities and sects ................................. 320  Name of Protestant ...............................  332
Inconsistency .................................. 320.   A stubborn truth ...............................   332
Early Protestant intolerance ..................... 321  Strange casuistry..................................... 333
The mother and her recreant daughter .       322   Convention at Smalkalde .333
Facts on persecution of each other by early Testimony of Menzel   .     .339
  Protestants.......................................... 322  CuJUs REato, zies REsLIom ........................ 339
Of Karlstadt .......................         323   Union of church and state ........................ 340
Luther the cause of it .......................   323  A bear's embrace ............................   341
Persecution of Anabaptists ....................... 325  l allam's testimony ............................  342
Synod at Homburg .....................326          Parallel between Catholic and Protestant
Luther's letter..........              327    countries.............                343

                                 CHAPTER XIII.

        INFLUENCE OF THE REFORMATION ON CIVIL LIBERTY, pP. 344-370.



Boasting.........................