xt75qf8jfj2m https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt75qf8jfj2m/data/mets.xml The Frontier Nursing Service, Inc. 1976 bulletins  English The Frontier Nursing Service, Inc. Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Frontier Nursing Service Quarterly Bulletins Frontier Nursing Service Quarterly Bulletin, Vol. 51, No. 3, Winter 1976 text Frontier Nursing Service Quarterly Bulletin, Vol. 51, No. 3, Winter 1976 1976 2014 true xt75qf8jfj2m section xt75qf8jfj2m FRONTIER NURSING SERVICE
QUARTERLY BULLETIN
  VOLUME 51 WINTER, 1976 NUMBER 3
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The cover photograph by old courier Ann (Panni)
Hobson is offered as a salute to all of the FNS `
Couriers over the years who have been given the
task of transporting large baskets of fresh eggs,
over rough roads, by jeep, from Wendover to
Hyden, hopefully without breaking any of the g
eggs! We might add that the couriers have been I
remarkably successful in performing this chore!  
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FRONTIER NURSING SERVICE QUARTERLY EUEEETE1 ; 1
Published at the end of each Quarter by the Frontier Nursing Service, Inc.
Lexington, Ky. `
Subscription Price $2.00 a Year  E` l
Editor’s Office, Wendover, Kentucky 41775  
 — `
VOLUME 51 WINTER, me NUMBER 3 5
Second class postage paid at Lexington, Ky. 40507 ‘
Send Form 3579 to Frontier Nursing Service, Wendover, Ky. 41775
Copyright 1976, Frontier Nursing Service, Inc. _
1 {

 `I 
A coNTENTs
V _ ARTICLE AUTHOR PAGE
I A Few Words of Appreciation . . . William R. Bates 8
l 1 A New Year’s Day Party (Illus.) 27
{ I { 5 An Introduction to the Eastern
‘   Kentucky Dialect Nancy Crawford 9
ll}  Beyond the Mountains 43
  1* Field Notes (Illus.) 52
 Q FNS Horse Show William R. Bates 33
; Frontier Nursing Service Bibliography 41
l Frontier Nursing Service Tour Mrs. French Maggard 49
Q I’m A Weed (Verse) T R. Milford 2
{ The Countryman
R In Memoriam: Ethel Bledsoe 47
Old Courier News 30
Old Staff News 35
I Our Mail Bag 48
  I Riley John Williamson A Photograph Inside
  Back Cover
  The Advisory Committee to the FNS W B. R. Beasley, M.D. 39
  The Oneida Nursing Center W B. R. Beasley, M.D. 3
 I: To Helen E. Browne Anonymous 34
 } BRIEF mrs
  A New Patient . . . Modern Maturity 58
  Beyond Dispute The Countryman 40
V CookieProof Modern Maturity 42
  Enchanted Toad The Countryman 46
 _ ` Everyone Knows Angels Unidentified Newspaper 34
I  j Method in Madness The Countryman 26
  Official Secrets Peterborough 29
  Open on Sunday The Countryman 7
 E Predators and Prey The Countryman 26
Running on the Rims Modern Maturity 48
 A Self Service The Countryman 32
{ The FBI Agent . . . Modern Maturity 33
i w The Paragon The Countryman 51
  Two Small Girls . . . Modern Maturity 38
 I

 I’m A Weed  
I’m a weed, I’m a weed, I
One of the old untameable breed; I 
I never came from a packet of seed. 5
I am no cossetted nursery child, l il"
Nobody keeps my pedigree filed, `  F
I am wild, I am wild, I am wild!  
Do you think, sister Pink,  
That it’s nice to line borders on somebody’s orders?  
The man who kindly plants you-  _
When he no longer wants you . 
Will throw you out to rot.  
Won’t you speak, Mr. Leek?  
_ Do you like being made to stand stiffly on parade?  
He’ll never let you flower
Who has you in his power;  
He’|| boil you in a pot.  I
Can I suppose, Lady Rose,  
That you actually enjoy being treated like a toy,  I
While they play genetic games on you,  
And stick their fancy names on you,  5l
Caught in a breeder’s plot?  
 l
Freely I scatter my prodigal seeds;  
Sun, wind and rain will provide for their needs. ll
Man cannot always be digging and hoeing,  jr
While he’s asleep, I get on with my growing.  np ·
I don’t expect mercy, I won’t ask for pardon,  
And when you’re all dead, |’Il take over the garden.  I
—T. R. Milford j,
, The Countryman, Spring 1975.  Q

 * QUARTERLY suttmm a
Y THE ONEIDA NURSING CENTER
By W. B. R. Beasley, M. D.
_ In April of this year the newest nursing center of the Frontier
, Nursing Service will be opened in Clay County at Oneida. It began
V i" last fall when President Barkley Moore of the Oneida Baptist
=  ie Institute wrote requesting Frontier Nursing Service to open a
Aw center in his community of 2600 people. Subsequently Brownie
_ ` and I made a site visit to Oneida to review the problems and
  possibilities. Although the Institute is not the sole reason for
’ establishing this new center, it has provided community
 _; leadership in making the arrangements.
  The Oneida Baptist Institute, founded by John Anderson
é Burns, opened its doors on January 1, 1900, admitting 100
i students to a boarding school in Clay County; within 15 years it
  had made a sufficient mark to attract a physician from New York.
  Two clinic buildings were set up in the town of Oneida; this
` evolved into a hospital which at one point was owned and run by
 2 the Department of Health for the Commonwealth as a maternity
  hospital. At that time the Department of Obstetrics and
  Gynecology at the University of Louisville provided the staffing.
 p When the Department of Health found it necessary to close the
  hospital in the early ’50’s, the management of the hospital was
 · · offered to Mrs. Breckinridge who felt that the operation of the
 l Hyden Hospital with eight nursing districts was an adequate
· amount of work for Frontier Nursing Service at that time.
  Subsequently the Seventh Day Adventists took the responsibility
 Q { for the medical services in that area.
L { The South Fork of the Kentucky River flows through Oneida
 I   where it is formed by the confluence of Goose Creek and Red Bird
 ` { River; in the 1960’s a proposal was developed to build a dam on the
 f . South Fork. With the proposed dam the Oneida community would
*  ` be virtually under water, and the very active hospital service there
 , thought it wise to seek removal before this came about. A grant
 L, was received from the Appalachian Regional Commission for a
 ,- new hospital at the county seat 18 miles away in Manchester.
. After the beginning of the new hospital the plans for the dam
j  g were cancelled, but the end result was that the 50 year old medical
 l and hospital service in Oneida had been totally removed. The
  people in this community felt desolate. The long standing care
 L

 4 snowman Nuasmo sermon A
had gone. As the Oneida community is immediately adjacent to
our Brutus Nursing Center, they very naturally requested FNS to A
open a center for their health.
In the fall of 1975 a meeting was held by over 80 members ofthe =
Oneida community to present a petition signed by 600 adults I
requesting this new nursing center to representatives of the ,  `
administrative and nursing staff of Frontier Nursing Service. "
This meeting was held at the Oneida Elementary School and at ·  `
that time the community offered to provide and maintain a clinic t
space if, indeed, the FNS would provide appropriate nursing staff  
with medical back up for the health services of the community.
According to the comprehensive health planning statutes of the
State, a Certificate of Need would be necessary; FNS offered to
apply for this, and developed the extensive documentation
required. Legal steps were completed at a meeting of the State
Comprehensive Health Planning Council in Louisville in
February of this year. The Certificate is to be formally issued on
March 10th.
The service area defined is of some interest as it adjoins the
Brutus District on Little Bullskin; it also adjoins the Red Bird
Nursing District near Hector at Bar Creek. The new area will
include that northeast corner of Clay County, taking in the
community of Wildcat, near Hounschell Bend, the community of _
Teges and the mouth of Sexton’s Creek, which actually is in
Owsley County, This will be the first time Frontier Nursing ‘
Service has had formal work in Owsley County, though patients V
have come from that area to the nursing centers for years.
At least one person in the community meeting, when delinea- »
tion of the area to be served was being discussed, remembered *
Mrs. Breckinridge riding from Berea through Sexton’s Creek on i
over Mistletoe toward the Leslie County area in the 1920’s.
The Oneida community has appointed a local committee  r
chaired by Mr. Moore of the Institute and including the post- L
master of Oneida, the principal of the Oneida Elementary School, »
as well as eleven other prominent local citizens representing all E 
geographical sections involved. This committee held consultation   0
with the County Health Officers who fully endorsed the develop- ,
ment of this program.
Already the building assigned for clinical services is under  Q;
rennovation. A new water supply is being established, the outside  

 QUARTERLY autumn 5
has been completely covered with a superb vinyl siding, and the
H inside is being cleaned and painted. Considerable thanks is due to
the Seventh Day Adventists who have been using this building for
 I their Sunday School and who will be sharing this space at least
I one day a week until their new facilities are completed in
,  , Manchester.
V FNS has selected for the staff two nurses, both of whom are
·  ` qualified as nurse-midwives and family nurses, and have played
R important roles in the development and work of FNS. Skip Spell,
  who for many years was one of the Red Bird district nurse-
midwives, before coming into Hyden to take family nursing
training, will be the Project Director. Skip is leaving the position
of supervisor of the Out-Patient Clinic of the Mary Breckinridge
Hospital. Cindy Sherwood, after completing the family nurse
midwifery program, became Clinical Instructor for the eight
nursing outposts, in which position she has served for the past
year. These nurses have been spending much of their off duty
hours planning for this new nursing center.
The FNS Board of Governors was interested to received the
request of the Oneida community. They are concerned about this
expansion of our preventive services to an additional area at a
time when there is little state or federal support for preventive
_ care. Indeed, third party support from both private and public
places makes the expansion of preventive services fiscally a
I difficult undertaking. However, because of the need of the Oneida
, community, together with assurance that this would be a self-
supporting, fiscally sound center, the Governors have endorsed
’_ the trial of this new center. The vigor ofthe community committee
‘ and experience of the staff are clearly factors for success.
· This is an opportunity of considerable importance. Heretofore
the opening of new nursing centers was dependent upon the need
 v of a defined population plus the staffing and fiscal ability of FNS
‘ to provide the service. In this new center, the community is being
I asked to make a definite committment for fiscal responsibility in
;  the operation of the center services, as well as in the physical
  maintenance of the center itself.
. Since the overtures began from the Oneida community, an
ever-increasing number of outpatients and inpatients have come
 1; from Oneida to the Mary Breckinridge Hospital. Because Oneida
  is the largest population base in which FNS will be working

 ‘ L_ Fnomim Nunsmc smwicic  I
outside of Hyden itself, the entire project takes on considerable l
importance in the volume and scope of services to be provided, as ;
well as in the methodology for delivering care in this new type of .
center.  
To begin to meet their commitment, the Oneida community is  
planning a Spring Festival and Box Supper to be held on the first , ,
Saturday of April at the Oneida Elementary School. This will I
include all the traditional activities of a box supper: the auction of  
supper boxes, the election ofthe most beautiful girl and the ugliest j  ¤
man, and other activities traditional in this mountain area. In _ A 
order to assist this community in this fund raising project, all  
interested individuals who would like to send something for the  »
auction (an antique, a quilt, a good new spade, whatsoever might e
be of interest or auctionable) are doing so by sending it to Mr.  _
Preston Baker, chairman of the Oneida Festival and Box Supper, .;
Oneida, Kentucky 40972. >
Skip and Cindy have been hard at work in planning the gp
supplies and equipment needed for this nursing service. Part can  .
be provided from the stored supplies of FNS, some must be ordered .
new, and again others will be sought from the Army surplus  ‘
warehouse when the staff takes the big Wendover truck to  .
Frankfort.  
The staffing of the center will also include a district secretary  “
and an aide. These are increasingly essential members of a  *1
district center staff; applications have come from several ex- -, 
perienced persons in the Oneida community for the secretarial  
position, and the Institute plans to offer the services of a volunteer  
Licensed Practical Nurse. This new center is offering opportunites  
for innovations in district record keeping and procedures. Cindy  
and Skip are very much looking forward to some new types of Y 
activities at this center, and these are being developed with the .. 
steering committee of senior staff of Frontier Nursing Service. ip
This opening of the new center differs in some respects from  ·
the opening of previous centers. Although community participa-  
tion has always been an essential part, in this instance communi- *
ty participation and commitment is at a much higher level and *’
comes from a much larger community than FNS has entered in .
recent years. Secondly, the requirements of the State in opening a ,
new nursing or medical center are infinitely more complicated. It A
is not simply a matter of a request from a community and a mutual    
‘ l
l

 "  QUARTERLY Burumw J
T agreement to initiate the service. Indeed, there must be documen-
tation of the need, the fact that there are no other providers
_ available for this service, that the provider who is requesting the
  Certificate (in this case the FNS) has the competency both
  administratively and medically to provide the required care. This
 , , application has gone through a Regional Project Review and a
Regional Comprehensive Health Planning Council before
{ reaching the State Project Review Committee and State Com-
 ‘ j. prehensive Health Planning Council for their approval. Ultimate-
’* ly this request is Hnalized by the granting of the Certificate of
  Need at the state level. How very different from the simple
 . relationship between the people of these mountains and Mrs.
: Breckinridge in 1925! But the people at Oneida and the FNS staff
.7 have already shown themselves to be excelling in energy to get
.-  underway.
` OPEN ON SUNDAY
if  It was approaching closing time one Saturday evening inside
  the great Exeter cathedral church of St. Peter, and our daughter
  Rosemary was packing up after brass-rubbing when she was
»;  approached by two American tourists. They expressed deep
  concern at having to leave the cathedral because, as they
 , explained, they were on a tight schedule which did not allow them
  time to return again on Monday, and they had not been able to go
 it all round. ‘Could you not come back and hear the singing and the
  organ at the morning service tomorrow?’ suggested Rosemary.
  ‘Say,’ replied one of the ardent tourists, a smile of satisfaction
 » spreading across her face, ‘you don’t mean to say this place is open
Z on Sundays?’—Stuart Berridge, Devon.
it  —The Countryman, Winter 1974/75, Edited by Crispin Gill,
  Burford, Oxfordshire, England.
. is Annual Subscription for American readers
$7.50 checks on their own banks.
  G
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Y 8 Faowrmn Nunsmo smwics  
A FEW WORDS OF APPRECIATION . . .  ‘
I
. . . to our City Committees. The Frontier Nursing Service is si
blessed with the people who make up these groups around the
country. Without the interest, help, enthusiasm and understan- l
ding of what we are trying to do, we simply would not be able to _` `
function. It is through their efforts that we are able to continue a _
program of preventive care, maintain comfort for the nurses at the ` ‘
outpost centers, provide new vehicles for the nursing staff,  _
improve buildings, hone away at the disparity between income  "
and expenses.  
At the present time there are twelve active City Committees ~ 
around the country. Several new ones are in the formative stages.  é
Some of the existing Committees are extremely active year-  I
around. Others operate on a less intensive basis, still others seem  
to lie dormant for a period of time and then suddenly spring to life  
again when "Brownie" goes to visit or when a special project ,;
comes their way.  li
The Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Washington Com-  
mittees have their annual or year-round proj ects—the Christmas  
Preview in Boston, the Bargain Box in New York, the = 
Philadelphia Auction, and special benefit programs in  _,
Washington. The Boston Committee had its most successful F l
Preview ever, financially, in November 1975, and the Bargain  `
Box, and a "silent" auction in Philadelphia and a Committee-  A
sponsored party at the British Embassy in Washington, have  `
generated generous support during this fiscal year. The Louisville  ,4
and Blue Grass Committees always host the Annual Meeting of _i· 
Frontier Nursing Service, alternating locations each year. This  
year, in addition, the Blue Grass Committee is embarking upon a {
new project—a Hunter-Jumper Horse Show. .. 
It is this type of activity that provides the FNS with a large  
portion of the financial support that enables the Service to carry  s
on its work. Our sincere thanks to each and every City Committee. _
For those of you who may be interested in joining an existing  _ ,
Committee, a list of the Committees and their chairmen is printed ‘
toward the end of this Bulletin. If there is not a City Committee in
your area—start one. You can begin with only iive members. We’ll  V Q
help. »
—William R. Bates III  Q

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  QUARTERLY BULLETIN 9
 ‘ AN INTRODUCTION TO THE EASTERN
  KENTUCKY DIALECT
is By Nancy Crawford, R. N.
l Editor’s Note: Nancy Crawford is a student in the Frontier School of
— * Midwifery and Family Nursing and this paper was written to fulfill the
- requirements of the family nursing internship. Nancy is a Kentuckian,
. born in Paris, a graduate of the Good Samaritan Hospital School of
` Nursing in Lexington, and has lived for many years with her husband
,; " and children in Whitesburg.
 , The nurse "from off" coming into this area is likely to be well-
.  equipped with knowledge and skills that include the command of
 ; Standard English. This form has prestige and is widely respected.
 l It allows entree to various social strata. Its use promotes clarity of
it  thought, writing, and verbal communication. One suspects the
  user to have a higher than average IQ.
I; In addition, the nurse can take pride in understanding and
 if using scientific terminology and the styles in which it is written.
  Doctors and nurses can communicate. Too, the nursing unit has
  its own jargon. Despite all this the patient is not forgotten; nurses
.-  can translate to and from lay-language while keeping the
 , principles of inter-personal relationships and patient-teaching
 ii well in mind.
 ° It may be a surprise to this well-prepared nurse, then, if she
  finds out that her precise correct speech MAY be considered a
 N "put-down" by some of the patients she interviews. Her language
 _ is not necessarily respected and may be thought of as "putting on
  airs," heartily disliked by the mountaineer. It can be a social
  detriment initially. It may be threatening in some ways having to
 = do with local attitudes toward higher education: lack of, desire for,
_  fear of and a separation anxiety due to.
  Tension is created also for the person who realizes that his
 , value system and concept of reality in the context of his own life,
as expressed by language, is overlapping the system, concept and
 A a context of a person from another culture. Confusion and discom-
 ` fort can ensue for either the patient or practitioner. The desired
therapeutic relationship is disturbed, and further friendship may
 . g not develop.
 , At best, the area native may be amused when his answer or
 A statement obviously is not understood sometimes: "She ’ad hit

 io snowman Nuasmo SERVICE
purt’ near rurent!" ("She had the baby pretty nearly spoiled.") I
The non-local nurse should prepare herself to translate .
between mountain folk and a doctor from another country, V
especially if he combines Oxford English with accents of his own `
country. Patient and physician both will be relieved if "convulsive
seizure" becomes "fits" or "drawing," and "Tol’able" understood ,
as "Very we1l" and not "Terrible." "Pretty good" is better than `
"very well."
Outsiders’ accent and speech patterns are amusing to many , w
mountaineers, as in rhyming "house" with "moose." They 3
consider some forms peculiar: "She talks funny." The Indiana 1
pronunciation is mocked with "Hyee there, you gi1ise." After a F
friendship is established, however, the difference seems to be ·
overlooked, as one would not mention a friend’s crossed eyes.  i
There is also a tendency of the mountaineer, like the American  ,
Indian, to consider his ways superior and to develop a kind of -
tolerance for the intruder. i
Innately polite, his acceptance of the outsider may be super- `
ficial, and he may not show his fury at being made fun of. He will
rarely admit to the outsider that he doesn’t understand, unless ‘
some rapport has been achieved. Local nurses say they have been A
asked many times "What did he say?" after a non-local prac- I
titioner finishes instructions and moves away from the native »
patient.  
Confusion can result from a phrase used in both cultures: "I T
don’t care to" means "yes" to a native and "no" to the foreigner. "I "
can’t stand it" often means "I can’t resist it." "Foreigner,
outsider" means "of my country but not my area," and I used them `
deliberately. Was there an implication of rancor or rejection? They _
are not meant that way by the native, except rarely, and are a
simple statement of fact and probably sympathy. "From off," T .
"fotched (fetched) in," and "brought on" are similar terms. g
The pronunciations, inflections and idiom of this area were  
used in England in the Elizabethan era. They are found in works T
of those great writers admired by British Islanders most promi- L
nent in their lineage and by students of the standard to which  4
English has evolved in this country. f
Shakespeare greatly influenced the trend to standardization of  I
English at a time when consistency in the language was i
negligible. He would feel at home with the patois ofthe older, more  .

 QUARTERLY Burrsrm ii
= geographically and socially isolated Eastern Kentuckians. Ariel,
. in "The Tempest," allowed as how he had "et a big bate." In "A
R Midsummer Night’s Dream", Puck described an active person as
` "a right peart . . . feller." In "Macbeth," Lady Macbeth said she
"gets afeered."
_ Spenser’s poem, "The Faerie Queene", contains the Kentucky
` greeting to "come in and set a spell." Sidney used "fur" for "far."
Bacon and Milton used words which would be familiar to eastern
V R Kentucky if not to most of the rest of the country.
g John Fox, Jr., and other writers, along with many
; anthropologists, consider these language forms to have been
F brought here by the area’s original settlers. Predominantly Anglo-
- Saxon with a few Scotch-Irish, the pioneers made their way from
 . the first American seaboard colonies to settle here in the
 A mountains over a span of 150 years. lt was a difficult route: a way
. had to be found through the Blue Ridge Mountains into the Great
A Appalachian Valley east of the formidable Appalachian Moun-
‘ tain chain that extends from Quebec down to Alabama. The
fertile, sheltering valley was left and penetration was made ofthe
* Appalachian Mountain barrier to the eastern Kentucky area now
known as the Southern Highlands, the Appalachian Plateau, or
i "Appalachia." The pioneers laid claim to the isolated hills and
» established homes.
  It is matter of some pride here that others took the easy way
1 through Cumberland Gap, in southeastern Kentucky, or floated
" down rivers to the Ohio River, to settle the hospitable and benign
central and north-central part of` the state. It doesn’t matter that
` this area repelled or was ignored by those people.
_ Mountaineers love their land above all other places. They do
not leave except under certain pressures, and then usually do not
1 . adjust well and return to visit often. Some cannot cope and return
; for good. This need is almost mystical . . . spiritual. It is in
  addition to a fear of change, and family interdependency. The
T mountains are considered a shelter both tangible and intangible
L and hold all that most mountaineers want, or think they need.
·4 His family ties are very strong and have set his mores as well
f as his language. The family’s expectations and judgments are
 ‘ supreme and transcend those of any other entity. It affects his
Q voting, his ideas of justice, and the way he handles his problems.
 . For example, the native whose ancestors created nearly all of their

 —  
necessities deems it unfair and unjust that the making of his  ¤
beverage has anything to do with licenses, revenue stamps or the
"High Sheriff." This is why functioning liquor stills are yet alive
and well in isolated places in the hills.
There has always been minor access to the hills. Ridges and
saddles, hills and hollows, and creeks and rivers are not only land , _
boundary lines (cherished, guarded and contested) but have
always been natural barriers to casual contact with others.
Not all of the population can be seen from a road. From an l (
airplane can be seen great spreading areas of hilltops, rounded  "
knob—tops, plateaus, isolated bottom land, and heads (innermost ·
end) of hollows which account for many home-sites. Most have
only foot trails or logging roads going to them, from dirt roads
(some graveled) or creek beds. When water is in the creek, it may be
forded lengthwise. In these areas, too, may be seen cliffs, caves,
waterfalls and springs which most city-dwellers have to do
without.
In these remote areas the Elizabethan language is most intact.
Janice Holt Giles, Kentucky authoress, believes that as a rule
outsiders are mistrusted, disliked and resented. 1 Change, progress
and the outsider seem synonymous. Mountaineers do not really Q
want tourism. Groups like the Amish, Mennonites and Quakers  I
have been more readily accepted, however. "They don’t rush .
about with great energy changing things, are not nosy, don’t talk (
a lot, DO things, and don’t missionary so much," I have heard. `
Medical people enjoy prestige and are accepted fairly well ("a
have-too case"?) but are discussed at great length and in much
detail, as if vulnerability to their skills allows examination of ’
their ways.
But, "Why are they here?" the mountaineer wonders. Why do V
people come to foreign places except from economic necessity? Q
One knows, in reason, that doctors and nurses have not been  »
educated "to the far side of nowhere" (prepared for unavailable  .
jobs). Altruism is not clearly understood. I have heard, "They  
must not be able to make it anywhere else." Are outsiders here out  .
of curiosity? Our college students, especially, know we are part of ( Q
the "patchwork cult," since President Kennedy discovered us in  I
1960 and our deficiencies have been pointed out by what the
native considers opportunistic writers who "cain’t make a livin’ . *
any other way." ’

 QUARTERLY BULLETIN 13
` The very term "Appalachia" is considered by many pejorative,
used only for this part of the Appalachian Moimtains that
actually extend for 1500 miles.
The outsider, especially an altruistic one, is said to be here "to
save us." A saving grace, although another type of rejection, is
. . that he "always" leaves eventually.
The mountaineer does perk up if he thinks he recognizes a
name. "Whose girl (or boy) are you?"is an attempt to place
 _ * someone socially, genealogically, geographically, and politically.
? Quillens are Republicans, and Adamses teach school, most of
` them, at least, in Letcher County. That Crawfords are engineers,
Holbrookses farm and Collinses are doctors, are more blithe
generalizations.
However, it is firm fact that once an outsider, always one.
Marriage "in" bestows a kind of naturalization. People who come
and stay permanently earn appreciation and affection. If they
leave but protest that they don’t want to ("Family respon-
sibilities" is accepted), the unwise move is forgiven. Letters back
expressing sorrow for having left are shared with pleasure. Visits
y back are gratifying to the natives; be warned that the order and
 y duration of each contact with local friends is a protocol in itself.
` The one advantage of being an outsider here is that of having
1 one’s ignorance in some matters overlooked.
_ It may be considered stand-oflish to introduce oneself by title
and last name to a native, or to so address him. The semi-
conscious patient may not answer because he is seldom called in
g this way. It is the first name, used in introduction or address,
which indicates friendliness.
However, the more socially adept native may not appreciate it,
T and others may take it a sign of condescension if there is
. hesitancy or discomfort at the informality on the part of the
 ° outsider, because we know that as part of orientation to the
  mountains some outsiders are told that we "like" Hrst names
2 instead of the formal, correct approach ofthe mainstream culture.
j  This society is task-oriented. Although gossip is a highly-
l developed art here in groups ofthe same sex, and there are verbose
 A and literate mountaineers, 0utsiders’ verbal and written facility
l does not impress them. Defensively, they say: "What have they
  DONE? What can they do?" A common expression is "fools with
college degrees."

    (
However, education is looked upon both as a means to if
economic advancement and a repudiation, of a kind, of home
ways. It is desired by natives for their children while being *
recognized as the beginning of separation. It is blamed for the `
putting on of airs, getting above one’s "raising," and the cause of  {
"self-conceit." No wonder college students from here, who find ·t‘  »
much to challenge and interest them outside, seem to change
clothes and accents by the time they get home on a visit. i
These students say it is hard to adjust to the mainstream _ `¢
culture. Then they may find they are taken as living, breathing » 
examples of the Appalachia fad and respond accordingly. To *~
come back takes more adjustment. "I have to be schizophrenic," i
one said. `
Like those of the rest of the nation, our students can’t write j
well.2 This function-oriented culture has oral traditions; and those  I
of action; story-telling to transmit history and to entertain;  
riddles, "sings," and hant (haunt or ghost) tales are popular; song-  
ballets (ballads) and the old musical instruments of banjo, fiddle  
and dulcimer are heard; some social activities are theological T,
meetings and subsequent arguments, quilting bees and square  (
dances. _
Books, newspapers and magazines are often considered a  5
luxury and time-waster except by those "who can afford to set on a ;
silk piller."  .
The child learns his language by listening and imitation. By S
the time he enters school, he has learned the sound patterns and  
learned to disregard other sounds he could make.3 The usual Q
mountain child is not read to, nor does he often have pictures  ‘
pointed out and explained.4  
There are exceptions, of course, and notable ones in each  .
community, but there is documentation that in the Kentucky
mountains there is little value placed on reading, writing or verbal =
skills, in the family. Thus, the transition to school is a hard one for j
this and other reasons. T
For one, he is often bussed to a consolidated school with  ·l
teachers not of his home area, formally addressed. The country  ‘
child finds out, more than the town student perhaps, that the way
he talks is wrong. There are "country and town" cliques. His ,|
clothes and spending money are apt to be considered not of the  I i
norm. It is not easy for him, or his parents, to return to school for 1
I

 rl
  QUARTERLY Rurumw 15
 ` extra-curricular or related activities. He has an advantage in
school elections