xt76125qc313 https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt76125qc313/data/mets.xml Kentucky. Department of Education. Kentucky Kentucky. Department of Education. 1940-03 volumes: illustrations 23-28 cm. call numbers 17-ED83 2 and L152 .B35. bulletins English Frankford, Ky. : Dept. of Education This digital resource may be freely searched and displayed in accordance with U. S. copyright laws. Educational Bulletin (Frankfort, Ky.) Education -- Kentucky Educational Bulletin (Frankfort, Ky.), "Manual on Pupil Transportation", vol. VIII, no. 1, March 1940 text Educational Bulletin (Frankfort, Ky.), "Manual on Pupil Transportation", vol. VIII, no. 1, March 1940 1940 1940-03 2021 true xt76125qc313 section xt76125qc313 6 Commonwealth 'of Kentucky 0

EDUCATIONAL BULLETIN

.NSPORTATION

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STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION

JOHN W. BROOKER
Superintendent of Public Instruction

ISSUED MONTHLY

Entered as second-class matter March 21, 1933, at the post office at
Frankfort, Kentucky, under the Act of August 24, 1912.

Vol.V|l| o March,1940 0 No.1

MANUAL ON
.PUPIL
TRANSPORTATION

Published by Order of the

STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION

JOHN W. BROOKER .

Superintendm of P115112 Imimztl‘iozz- - E_'_ I;

,3 73787

FORE WORD

By authority imposed in Sections 4384-25 and 2739g-691n, Ken—
tucky Statutes, I have caused to be prepared the materials contained
in this manual on pupil transportation. The standards, rules and
regulations contained herein were adopted by the State Board of
Education December 15, 1939, for use of boards of education in
preparing rules and regulations governing the transportation of
school children in their districts. These State Board regulations
become effective 011 and after July 1, 194.0, and apply to all buses
and equipment purchased after their adoption by the State Board
of Education.

The standards adopted for bus chassis and body apply to all
motor vehicles designed to carry more than twenty pupils. They do
not apply to buses which transport pupils to schools but are also
used primarily as public carriers.

Although these standards are not intended to apply to motor
vehicles which carry twenty pupils or less, 110 such vehicles shall be
used for transporting pupils unless they are safe, sanitary and
reasonably comfortable for the pupils. These regulations are not
intended to be retroactive for any equipment now used except when
such equipment, not conforming to these regulations, is replaced, such
replacement shall be made to conform to these standards. A few
standards designated by a double asterisk (W) must be observed for
all equipment beginning July 1, 1940. All regulations designated
by the single asterisk (5“) throughout the bulletin are mandatory re-
quirements of the State Board and must be met beginning July 1, 1940.

It will be observed that in Chapter 2 all mandatory regulations
of the State Board of Education have been brought together under one
heading entitled “State Board Regulations.”

It should be noted that Section 2739g—69m, Kentucky Statutes,
and which may be found under “Statutory Provisions” in Chapter 1
herein provides:

”Every school district, its oﬁicers, employees, and every person
employed under contract by a school district shall be subject to said
(State Board) regulations.

“Any officer or employee of any school district who violates any
of said regulations . . . shall be guilty of misconduct and subject to
removal from office or employment. Any person operating a school bus
under contract with a school district who fails to comply with any said

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regulations shall be guilty of breach of contract and such contract shall
be canceled after notice and hearing by the responsible officers of such
school district.”

The materials contained in this publication have been prepared
by Gordie Young, Assistant Superintendent of Public Instruction,
with the hope that the information contained in it will be of assistance
to boards of education in safeguarding the lives and health of the school
children as they attempt to provide economical and efficient trans—
portation facilities for their districts.

JOHN W. BROOKER
Superintendent Public Instruction

Fore
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of such
'cparcd
'uction, TABLE OF CONTENTS
;istance Fag:
3 Foreword
”5811001 Introduction 7
' trans- Chapter 1. Legal Provisions Relating to Pupil Transportation ................ 9
Statutory Provisions ...... 9
Laws, Opinions of the Attorney General and Court Decisions 10
Chapter 2. State Board Regulations 14
go” School Bus Chassis Standards ...................................................... 14
' School Bus Chassis Speciﬁcations Submitted by Chassis
Manufacturers 15%
School Bus Body Standards 23
National School Bus Chrome ........................................................ 29
School Bus Body Speciﬁcations Submitted by Body
Manufacturers 29
Minimum Qualiﬁcations of School Bus Driver ............................ 34
Physician’s Certiﬁcate 36
Operating Rules and Regulations ................................................ 37
Regulations for Pupils 41
Mechanic’s Inspection Report Form ............................................ 43
School Bus Driver’s Contract Form (Publicly Owned Buses) 44
School Bus Driver’s Contract Form
(Privately Owned Buses) ........................................................ 46
School Bus Driver’s Contract Form (Privately Owned
Chassis and Publicly Owned Body) .................................... 47
Bond Form for School Bus Driver (Form 26). ............... 49

Bond Form for School Bus Driver (Form 27). .............. 50

Chapter 3. Administration and Supervision ................... . 51
Superintendent of Public Instruction .......................................... 51
County Superintendent 51
School Principal 52
The Driver 54
Pupils 54
Parents 55
Bus Owner 56
Chapter 4. The School Bus Driver 57
Selection 57
Regulations 57
Training of School Bus Drivers .................................................... 59
Test Recommended by Section 2739m-67, Kentucky Statutes 60
Procedure for Employment 65
Age 65
Teachers as Drivers 65
Paying the Driver .. 66
School Bus Discipline 66
Standard First Aid Course 63
Dear Driver 68
Chapter 5. Operation and Maintenance of Equipment .................................. 70
Determining Need 70
Purchase 71
Inspection 71
Ownership of Buses 71
Publicly Owned Body and Privately Owned Chassis ............ 72
Courses in Transportation 73
Accidents 73
Liability of School Districts 73

Chapter 7.

Chapter 8.

Chapter 9.

TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued

Page
Chapter 6. Auxiliary Uses of School Buses .................................................... 74
Transportation of Athletic Teams. _ 74
Other Uses of School Buses .......................................................... 74
Planning Bus Routes ...................................................................... 76
Map of the Transportation Area 76
Time on the Road 76
Safety ......... 77
Shelters and Waiting Stations .................................................... 77
Bad Road Problems 77
Determining Who is Eligible to Ride .......................................... 78
Pupils Entitled to Transportation ................................................ 78
Transportation by Parents 78
Monthly Inspection of Buses ......................................... 79
Keeping Up With Transportation ................................................ 80
Necessity for Records 80
Information Heads of Schools Must Have on File .................. 80
The Driver’s Contract 81
Bond Form 81
Bus Driver’s Daily and Monthly Report .................................... 81
Superintendent’s Monthly Report to the Board of Education 81
Superintendent’s Annual Transportation Report to the
Board of Education .................................................................. 81
Record of Transportation Equipment Owned by the District 82
Explanation of Forms 82
Classiﬁcation of Transportation Accounts—A Uniform Sys-
tern of Cost Accounting of School Transportation ............ 105
Cost of Transportation 128
Size of Load Effects Cost 128
Equipment Wearing Out 128
Garages ________ 128
Computing the Cost 129
Factors Determining the Cost ........................................................ 129
A Regular Program of Maintenance ............................... . 130

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INTRODUCTION
APPLICATION or STANDARDS run RJJcUL.vrioNs

Buses designed for more than twenty pupils. The standards
adopted by the State Board of Education for bus chassis and bodies
shall apply to all motor vehicles designed to carry more than twenty
pupils. They shall not apply to buses which transport pupils to
School but are also used primarily as public carriers.

Buses designed for less than twenty pupils. Although these
standards are not intended to apply to motor vehicles which carry
twenty pupils or less, no such vehicles shall be used for transporting
pupils unless they are safe, sanitary, and reasonably comfortable for
the pupils.

Effective date of standards and regulations. These standards
and regulations shall become effective on and after July 1, 19-10, and
shall apply to all buses and equipment purchased after their adoption
by the State Board of Education. (December 15, 1939)

Old Equipment. These regulations are not intended to be retro-
active for any equipment now used except when such equipment,
not conforming to these regulations, is replaced, such replacements
shall be made to conform to th( e standards. A few standards
designated by a double asterisk 1: must be observed for all equip—
ment, new and old, beginning July 1, 1940.

Present and preriozzs standards, etc. All previous standards, rules
and regulations of the State Board of Education relating to the
transportation of public school pupils are hereby repealed. All
standards of school bus chassis and school bus bodies, qualifications of
school bus drivers, and all, rules and regulations affecting pupil
transportation stated herein are hereby made the officials rules and
regulations governing the transportation of public school pupils in
this Commonwealth in accordance with authority conferred on this
Board by Sections 4338l—25 and 2739969111, Kentucky Statutes.
ADMINISTRATION or STANDARDS

Purpose of traimportation of pupils. The chief purpose of
furnishing transportation for pupils at. public expense is to provide
educational opportunities for children who live beyond reasonable
walking distance from a desirable school. It aids in providing
satisfactory schools by extending the attendance areas of permanent
school centers, so as to include all children who otherwise would be
handicapped because of limited educational facilities. It. may be
said to. be a method of equalizing educational opportunities for
children in rural communities. It is justifiable when children would
otherwise be required to attend a small, uneconoinical and inadequate
school. Improved roads and better buses have made it a desirable

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way to go to school. It has caused a phenomenal increase in enroll-
ment and attendance in both elementary and high school.

Safety and economy. Safety, economy, and the proper protection
of the health of all pupils transported are primary requirements which
must be assured and maintained.

School supc)'mtemlolnts. County school superintendents shall
assume responsibility for determining the existence of and reporting
transportation hazards to the responsible authorities. They shall
assume responsibility for the strict enforcement of the school law,
regulations of the State Board of Education and of the county board
of education for transportation of school. pupils. If it is found im-
practical to observe any regulation, the county school superintendent
shall assume responsibility for making an immediate and complete
report of all pupils involved. This report shall suggest changes which
should be made and which are being temporarily used until required
steps can be taken to make the necessary permanent correction.

Other officials. Certain state and county officials must neces-
sarily be expected to assume their full responsibility for road and
street construction, for policing, and taking such other steps as will
control traffic hazards and providing reasonable protection from such
hazards for all children who are being transported.

Bus routes. All bus routes should be planned and adjusted to the
capacities of available equipment, and school buses should be so
chosen and assigned to attendance areas that, in so far as practicable,
the full capacity of each bus shall be used for transporting only pupils
Whose homes are beyond a reasonable walking distance from an
adequate school.

TRANSPORTATION IN KENTUCKY AS or JANUARY 1, 1940

Each day of the school year a fleet of approximately 1,600
vehicles of transportation carry approximately 96,000 children 60,000
miles to the schools of this Commonwealth. County boards of education
expend annually a little less than $1,137,000.00. When we add to
this sum the amount spent by independent school districts, the annual
expenditure approximates one and one-half million dollars.

So vast a business involves many problems. Increasing traffic
hazards of the highways demand that extraordinary care be exercised
in performing this service. To secure safety, reasonable comfort and
reliable service in the transportation of school children, it was neces-
sary that the State Board of Education set standards and specifications
as to bus equipment and rules and regulations as to the personnel
employed as drivers of school buses. For this purpose a statement of
school bus standards, regulations and recommendations has been

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LEGAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO PUPIL
3 shall TRANSPORTATION
{301:}:25 STATUTORY PROVISIONS
:1 law Section 4399-20, Kentucky Statutes, requires that pupils of

7 board elementary grades who live beyond a reasonable walking distance
from the school they are to attend shall be transported. It permits

$358]; the transportation of high school pupils. This section is part Of
Chapter 65, Acts of 1934, and reads as follows:
)mplete
s which 1. Section 4399—20, Ky. Statutes. Powers and Duties— . . .
equired Schools shall be maintained for pupils of elementary grade within
ion a reasonable walking distance of their homes or the board of
' ' education shall furnish transportation from its general funds or
; neces- otherwise for any elementary pupil or pupils who do not reside
ad and within such distance, and any board of education may provide
as will transportation from its general funds or otherwise for any pupil
me such or pupils Of any grade or grades who do not live Within a
reasonable walking distance from the school; provided that such
board shall adopt such rules and regulations as will insure the
i to the comfort, health, and safety of the children who are transported;
L be SO and provided further that such rules and regulations shall be
:ticable, consistent with the rules and regulations of the State Board of
, pupils Education dealing with the transportation of pupils. (Chap. 65,
mm an Acts 1934.)

Sections 4884-25 and 2739g—69m, Kentucky Statutes, require the
Superintendent of Public Instruction to prepare rules and regulations
1 600 ‘ governing the transportation of children for approval and adoption
i7 6 0’ 000 by the State Board of Education. These sections read as follows:
7

lucation 1, Section 4384-25, Ky. Statutes. Transportation of Children—The

add to Superintendent Of Public Instruction shall prepare, or cause to

annual be prepared, and submit for approval and adoption by the State
Board of Education rules and regulations concerning the
transportation of children to and from school.

fie

x:::ifsed 2. Section 2739g—69m, Ky. Statutes. Regulations Relating to School
’Ort and Buses.—

.s neces- a. The State Board of Education by and with the advice of
’ications the State Highway Patrol shall. adopt and enforce regulations
' not inconsistent with this act to govern the design and
ersonnel operation of all school buses used for the transportation of
ment 0f school children when owned and Operated by any school
as been district or privately owned and operated under contract with

any school district in this State and such xegfulatiOns shallfby

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reference be made a part of any such contract with a school
district. Every school district, its officers and employees,
and every person employed under contract by a school district
shall be subject to said regulations.

b. Any officer or employee of any school. district who violates
any of said regulations or fails to include obligations to
comply with said regulations in any contract executed by
them on behalf of a school district shall be guilty of mis-
conduct and subject to removal from office or employment.
Any person operating a school bus under contract with a
school district who fails to comply with any said regulations
shall be guilty of breach of contract and such contract shall
be canceled after notice and hearing by the responsible
officers of such school district. (1938 c 106 p 505 Sec. 13
[13].)

Acts 1988 c 106. Eff. May 81,, 1938.
The rules and regulations of the State Board of Education con—

ing the sanitation of buses and for the safety, comfort and can—
once of the pupils have been prepared in accordance with these

» ., provisions of law.

LAWS, OPINIONS on THE ATTORNEY GENERAL AND COURT DECISIONS

Below will be found regulatory laws affecting the transportation

of pupils and their interpretation by the Attorney General 'or the
courts:

Section 2739g-7, Ky. Statutes. Government Automobiles—ftp
plication for registration of automobiles owned exclusively by
any county, city, town or board of education in the State or
Federal Governments, shall be accompanied by a statement from
the head of the department of the State, Federal Government,
County, city, town or board of education owning said automobiles,
certifying that said automobile is exclusively owned and operated
by the county, city, town or board of education or by the State
or Federal Government. Said application and statement shall be
forwarded by the county court clerk to the commission and
special authority may be given to the clerk to register same, and
upon receiving said authority the clerk shall issue a registration
receipt and deliver a number plate as hereinafter provided except
that no charge shall be made for same by the commission or the
clerk. Any person using any plate or license in the operation of
any automobile not owned exclusively by a county, city, town
or board of education, State or Federal Government, shall be
guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof fined in
any sum not less than ten (10) nor more than one hundred (100)
dollars for each offense. (0. 109, Acts 1926.)

Section 2739g-2d, Ky. Statutes. Fees for Trucks; Disposition of
Proccccls.— . . . Providing that any person who applies for the
aegistration 13f a truck used solely in the transporting, hauling
and; carryingischﬂool children or persons employed in said school

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or schools in the district shall file with the County Court Clerk
an affidavit stating that the truck or trucks are engaged solely in
the transporting, hauling or carrying of said school children and
persons employed in said school or schools in said district or
districts and that he has caused to be printed on each side of the
bed of said truck and on the rear door or doors or part of the
bed the words “School Bus” in letters of a color easily seen and
sufficiently large and that said truck for the next twelve months
shall not be used for any other purpose except that stated; then,
in that event said person or persons shall he permitted to register
said truck and shall be charged thercl’or only four dollars and
ﬁfty cents ($4.50). . . .
Section 2739g-69b, Ky. Statutes. Safety Glass in Motor
Vehicles—On and after January 1., 193‘.) no person shall sell any
new motor vehicle nor shall. any new motor vehicle be registered
thereafter which is designed or used for the purpose of transport-
ing passengers for c0111pensation or as a school bus unless such
vehicle is equipped with safety glass wherever glass is used in
doors, windows, and Windshields.
On and after January 1, 1939 no person shall sell any new motor
vehicle nor shall any new motor vehicle be registered thereafter
unless such vehicle is equipped with safety glass wherever glass
is used. (1938 c 106 p 505 Sec. 13 [21.)

Acts 1938 c 106. Eff. May 31, 1938.

Section 2739g-46a, Ky. Statutes. Passing Stopped School Bibs.—
VVhenever any school bus is stopped upon a public highway for
the purpose of receiving or discharging passengers, every operator
of a vehicle approaching from any direction shall bring said
vehicle to a complete stop and shall not start up or attempt to
pass until the said school bus has ﬁnished receiving or discharging
passengers; that the driver of said bus after having stopped for
the purpose of receiving or discharging passengers shall permit
all vehicles stopped as required herein to proceed before again
putting school bus in motion and anyone found guilty of violating
the provisions of this Act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor,
and punished upon conviction by a fine of not more than Five
Hundred ($500.00) Dollars or imprisoned in jail for not more
than six months or both so ﬁned and imprisoned. (1938 c 117
See. 1.)
Acts 1938 e 117. Eff. May 31, 1938.

Section 2739m-38, Ky. Statutes. Age Limits for Drivers of School
Buses and Public Passongcr—Carryiiig Motor Vehicles.—It shall
be unlawful for any person, whether licensed under this Act, or
not, who is under the age of twenty—one years, to drive a motor
vehicle while in use as a school bus for the transportation of
pupils to or from school, or to drive a motor vehicle while in use
as a public passenger—carrying vehicle. (1936 3rd ex. s., c. 13,
Sec. 6. Eff. Aug. 1, 1936.)

Section 1342a—1, Ky. Statutes. Unlawful Not to Pay Toll for
Passage Over Toll Bridge or Forays—That it shall be unlawful

for any person or persons to pass over or upon any part of any
toll bridge or ferry, upon which bridge or ferry tolls are at such
time collected, without paying to the collector of tolls then
stationed at such bridge or ferry at the time of such passage, in
legal tender, such amount of toll as may be prescribed by law or
regulation for passage over such bridge or ferry, including
vehicular traffic over or upon any part of such bridge or ferry;
provided that no such toll shall be charged to children going to
or returning from school. Neither shall such toll be charged
for school buses or other vehicles used exclusively in the trans-
portation of school children to and from school. (1934, c 161,
Sec. 1. Eff. June 14, 1934.)

State Highway Commission vs. Henderson County Board
of Education, 264 Ky. 95. Children exempt from paying toll
even though the bridge is a part of the highway system.

Section 4399-20, Ky. Statutes. Schools shall be maintained for
pupils of elementary grade within a reasonable walking distance
of their homes or the board of education shall furnish transporta-
tion from its general funds or otherwise for any elementary pupil
or pupils who do not reside within such distance, and any board
of education may provide transportation from its general funds
or otherwise for any pupil or pupils of any grade or grades who
do not live within a reasonable walking distance from the school.
(Transportation optional. for high school pupils—260 Ky. 246—
County Board of Education of Montgomery County)

Section 2739g-69X. Duty to report accidents. (a) The driver of a
vehicle involved in an accident resulting in injury to or death of
any person or total property damage to an apparent extent of $50
or more shall, within 24 hours after such accident, forward a
written report of such accident to the State Highway Patrol.

(b) The State Highway Patrol may require any driver of a vehicle
involved in an accident of which report must be made as pro-
vided in this section to ﬁle supplemental reports whenever the
original report is insufficient in the opinion of the State High-
way Patrol and may require witnesses of accidents to render
reports to the State Highway Patrol. (1938 c 106 p 505 Sec. 13
[24] Eff. May 31, 1938.)

Authority for boards of education to purchase liability and
indemnity insurance.

(1) Each board of education shall have power and authority
to set aside funds to provide for liability and indemnity insur-
ance against the negligence of the drivers or operators of school
buses owned or operated by the board. The indemnity bond or
insurance policy shall be issued by some surety or insurance com-
pany or other insurance carrier duly authorized to transact busi-
ness as such within this Commonwealth, and shall bind the surety,
insurance company, or insurance carrier to pay any ﬁnal judg-
ment or judgments rendered against the insured or policy holder
arising out of the death or injury to any school child or school
children, for loss or damage to property of any such school
children, or death or injury to any person or persons.

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(2) If the transportation of pupils be let out under contract,
then such contract shall provide that the contractor shall carry
indemnity or liability insurance against negligence in such an
amount as the board of education may require and designate,
said indemnity bond or insurance to be provided by a duly
authorized surety or insurance company or other insurance car-
rier as set out in the foregoing paragraph.

(3) Whereas there is a vital need to properly protect the school
children of the state in going to and returning from school, it is
necessary that this legislation be effective immediately, and an
emergency is hereby declared to exist and this bill will become
law immediately upon its passage and approval by the Governor.

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Chapter 2

STATE BOARD REGULATIONS
PURPOSE

The purpose of the State Board of Education in adopting uniform
state standards for school bus equipment and in prescribing regulations
for the operation of them is to insure safe and economical transporta—
tion service for all school children who are transported to the schools
of the State. The standards set provide for:

1. Minimum standards for buses carrying children;

2. Adaptation to local needs in so far as it will not conﬂict with safe
practices;

3. Limits Within which sound construction of equipment is pos-
s1 e,-

4. Frequent revision of standards so as to permit Widest possible
opportumty for use of such improvements as are consistent With

sound practice.
*PURoI-msn

1. Before buying any school bus at any time, bids shall be obtained
by county boards of education from at least three manufacturing
companies.

2. Before offering for sale during any school year any equipment
for school transportation, manufacturers or their representatives
shall file with the Superintendent of Public Instruction and with
the county school superintendent considering the purchase, on
forms to be furnished by the Superintendent of Public Instruction,
information showing that all state specifications are complied
with.

*CONTRACTS
Contracts shall be entered into by boards of education for the

operation of school buses. They shall be in accordance with law and

the rules and regulations and 011 forms established by the State Board
of Education.

SCHOOL Bus CHAsSIs STANDARDS
$3.1 Axle
a. Front mole. The front axle shall have a gross weight rating at

the ground equal to or exceeding the weight supported by the
front axle.

b. Rear axle. The rear axle shall be of the full-floating type
and have a manufacturer ’s gross weight rating at the ground
of not less than the weight supported by the rear axle.

*Requiremcnts of the State Board of Education.

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c. Ratings for “a” and “b” must be guaranteed by the chassis
manufacturer.

Battery

The battery shall be mounted outside the bus body. It shall
be of sufficient capacity, as established by the manufacturer ’s
rating, to care for starting, lighting, signal devices, heater and
other electrical equipment. No bus shall be equipped with a
battery of less than 120 ampere—hours measured at a twenty
hour rate.

Brakes

‘a Service brakes. The service brakes shall be so equalized and
adjusted to all four wheels that they are capable of stopping
the complete unit. (without pupils) from the initial brake
application, within 2-2 feet when driven at a speed of 20 miles
per hour over a dry, level road.

*“b. Hand or emergency brake. This brake shall be of the hand-
lever type. It shall be provided in addition to the service
brake. It shall be capable of stopping the school bus (with-
out pupils) from the initial brake application, within 50 feet
when driven at a speed of 20 miles per hour.

c. Booster brakes. Air, vacuum, assistor or hydraulic booster
brakes shall be provided for all school buses having a weight
(without pupils) of more than 8,600 pounds. Any such
installation must be made by an authorized representative of
the chassis or brake manufacturer. Hydraulic line pressures
may not exceed the recommendation of the chassis manu-
facturer.

d. Testing brakes. The stopping abilities as outlined above shall
be determined by an approved decelerometer test or by any
other means that indicate brake effectiveness on a dry, level
road surface which is free from loose materials.

Bumpers

Bumpers shall be installed on the front and on the rear of the
bus and shall be directly attached to the chassis frame. They must
be of sufficient strength to permit the pushng of a vehicle of
equal gross loaded weight or of being pushed by a vehicle, without
permanent distortion to bumper, chassis frame or body. The
rear bumper shall be so designed as to make the “hitching of
rides” or obtaining of a toe hold impossible.

M5. Exhaust Pipe

The exhaust pipe shall be entirely outside of the bus body
and shall extend beyond the external rear of the body of the bus,
but not beyond the bumper. It shall be installed by the chassis
manufacturer. It shall be entirely outside of the body. The rear
end of the pipe shall be located at a point to the right or left of

*Requirements of the State Board of Education.
** Requirements of the State Board of Education for new and old equipment.

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*6.

the emergency door so as to prevent fume