xt769p2w6r24 https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt769p2w6r24/data/mets.xml Kentucky. Department of Education. Kentucky Kentucky. Department of Education. 1955-06 bulletins  English Frankford, Ky. : Dept. of Education  This digital resource may be freely searched and displayed in accordance with U. S. copyright laws. Educational Bulletin (Frankfort, Ky.) Education -- Kentucky Educational Bulletin (Frankfort, Ky.), "Planning School Plant Construction", vol. XXIII, no. 2, June 1955 text 
volumes: illustrations 23-28 cm. call numbers 17-ED83 2 and L152 .B35. Educational Bulletin (Frankfort, Ky.), "Planning School Plant Construction", vol. XXIII, no. 2, June 1955 1955 1955-06 2022 true xt769p2w6r24 section xt769p2w6r24 i r i.» a
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EDUCATIONAL BULLETIN

 

 

 

 

 

PLANNING SCHOOL PLANT
CONSTRUCTION

 

Published by

DEPARTMENT EIF EDUCATION
WENDELL P. BUTLER
Superintendent of Public Instruction

 

 

 

 

 

ISSUED QUARTERLY

Entered as seco -gI,ass matter March 21, 1933, at the post office at
Frankfort, S iiflfiigilyler the Act of August 24, 1912.

\Iéfliiii‘ifim’ mafiaé‘esgky No.2'

0

 

  

 FOREWORD

A school building is a place Where many kinds of activities Will
take place. It can be a means of teaching children much of beauty,
useful arrangement and harmonious living and working together.
It may have the opposite effect on the children if the building presents
an appearance of drab, ugly, unattractive surroundings.

There is an increasing recognition that the school building should
be a place that will help the children to grow up to their best
mentally and physically. There seems to be a greater tendency to
take care of their seeing, posture, nutrition and bodily processes than
to make sure that a place is provided where children can grow up
in such surroundings as will guarantee good, clean, healthy, well-
balanced, thinking citizens regardless of the childhood environment
of their homes.

The problem of providing proper school housing is not simple.
Any kind of space in any kind of building in any kind of an environ-
ment is not sufficient to satisfy the needs of the children and the
desires of their parents. The school building should be constructed
to serve not only the learners and staff members Who spend many
hours there daily, but to serve community groups and adults Who
may use the building in many ways.

This bulletin has been prepared by Gordie Young, Assistant
Superintendent of Public Instruction under Whose supervision
comes school building construction. It presents in outline form
suggested procedures in planning school building facilities. It is
recommended as a guide for use of those WhO are planning school
building programs.

Wendell P. Butler
Superintendent of Public Instruction

 

       
   
   
 
 
  
   
 
 
   
   
    

II
III

IV

VI

VII

HfiNNmGSGKMLPUHWCfiNflRUUHmN

Introduction
Laws

Role of Agencies

A. State Department of Education
B. Responsibility in Planning

C. Relationships in Planning

Characteristics of a Good School Building

Developing the Building Program

Selection of an Architect

Some Factors to be Considered

Adequacy of the Present Plant

The Plant Program

The Educational Program

Educational Specifications

School Bus Routing

Getting the Proposed Program Under Way

PQWEUQW?

Financing and Constructing the Building

A. Determining the Financial Ability and Providing Funds
B. Securing Bids

C. Awarding Contracts

D. Procedures Following Awarding of Contracts

Appendix
Recommended Complete Facilities for Kentucky School-
house Construction

Philosophy of Education

High School Educational Program and Specifications for
Housing It

Agreement Between Owner and Architect

Objectives for a Twelve-Grade Program

PW mar»

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for

I INTRODUCTION

Public schools have been established by the state in order that
children may be prepared to meet the responsibility of citizenship.
The state has been delegated authority for public education through
its Constitution and by legislative enactments. Local boards of edu-
cation have been given governmental control of school districts which
includes school plant management. This procedure is desirable be-
cause local communities are vitally interested in the education of their
children.

Boards of education and school administrators have been charged
with the responsibility of providing educational facilities. These
officials of each individual district have been given definite respon-
sibilities in school plant development. Boards of education have been
given the right to acquire school property. They have a right of
eminent domain. They have authority to erect buildings. They can
tax and bond the school district. These rights and privileges have
been granted to them in order that they may carry out their respon-
sibilities in providing school facilities in which to train the future
citizens.

Since education is a continuous process from birth to death, the
school plant should be recognized as a complete educational tool for
the whole community. It should be a means to provide educational
opportunities, not only for the children, but also for all youth and
adults of the community. The school should lead all educational
agencies of the community in an organized, cooperative program for

more effective education of youth and adults in school and out of
school.

Everything which has been learned does not have to be taught.
It is necessary to determine what portion of the total educational
process and the service connected therewith, will be assumed by a
particular school and for what age groups the program and services
will be made available.

It is also necessary for each school district to determine the scope
of its program, curriculum content, and the basic educational
methods. These should be based on sound philosophy and purposes
of education. It is recognized that educational aims and purposes are
not easy to define because education for an ever-changing society
must be dynamic. Yet, it is both an opportunity and an obligation
for the local school system to undertake. This task is the first step in
a building program.

39

 

 Any planning must ultimately be focused on a single school build-
ing in a specific setting and must rest on a broad base of community
analysis. Each individual school center should then be a functional
unit, in an integrated Whole, which represents a total program for the
district.

There are at least two major classes of responsibility of a board
of education and the superintendent in setting up an over-all master
plan for a building program.

1. To determine the scope and the quality of each community’s
educational program.

2. To properly locate the school facilities on suitable sites of
adequate size.

 

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unity
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r the

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aster

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es of

II LAWS

The following pages contain the school laws that must be com-
plied with by those who are planning school buildings to house
educational programs. The laws quoted herein are only those that
are concerned with the individuals doing the planning. They are
presented as authority on which planners must rely for the pro-
cedures which they should follow.

Statutes Relating to the Construction of School Buildings

162.010 Title: to School Property. The title to all property
owned by a school district is vested in the Commonwealth for the
benefit of the district board of education. In the acquisition of land
for school purposes whether by purchase, condemnation, or other-
wise, the title obtained shall be in fee simple. Any reversionary
interest in any land held by boards of education on June 14, 1934,
shall not deprive such boards of the ownership of the buildings of
other improvements thereon. (1954, c. 20, § 1)

162.030 Condemnation of Property for School Purposes. Each
board of education may, when unable to make a contract satisfac-
tory to the board with the owner for the purchase of real estate to be
usd for school purposes, initiate condemnation proceedings under
any of the methods of condemnation authorized by KRS 416.010 to
416.080; KRS 416.120; and 416.230 to 416.310; and the title to land
so obtained shall be vested in fee simple. (1954, c. 20, § 2)

162.060 Plans for School Buildings to be Approved. The Super-
intendent of Public Instruction shall be furnished a copy of all plans
and specifications for new public school buildings contemplated by
boards of education and for all additions to or alterations of old
buildings. He shall examine or cause to be examined all such plans
and specifications and shall approve or disapprove them in accord-
ance with the rules and regulations of the State Board of Education.
No board of education may award a contract for the erection of a
new building or contract for an addition to or alteration of an old

building until the plan has been approved by the Superintendent
of Public Instruction.

162.070 Contracts for Buildings, Improvements and Materials to
be Let on Competitive Bidding; When Advertisement Not Required.
The contracts for the erection of new school buildings and addi-
tlons and repairs to old buildings, except repairs not exceeding one
hundred fifty dollars, shall be made by the board of education to the

41.

 

     

lowest and best responsible bidder complying with the terms of the
letting, after such advertisement for competitive bids as the board
determines, but the board may reject any or all bids. All necessary
specifications and drawings shall be prepared for all such work.
The board shall advertise for bids on all supplies and equipment that
it desires to purchase, except where the amount of the purchase does
not exceed two hundred fifty dollars, and shall accept the bid of
the lowest and best bidder, but the board may reject any and all
bids. In independent school districts of cities of the first class and
in county school districts of counties containing a city of the first
class, no advertisement for bids for repairs shall be necessary unless
the amount involved exceeds two thousand dollars, and no advertise-
ment for bids for supplies and equipment shall be necessary unless
the amount involved exceeds one thousand dollars. (1954, c. 172)

160.476 School Building Fund; Tax for; Other Resources; In-
vestmentyExpenditures; Audit. (1) The board of education of
any district may, in addition to other taxes requested for school
purposes, request the levy of not less than four cents nor more than
twenty cents on each one hundred dollars valuation of property
subject to local taxation, to provide a special fund for the purchase
of sites for school buildings, for the erection and complete equipping
of school buildings, and for the major alteration, enlargement and
complete equipping of existing buildings, provided, however, that
such tax shall come Within the maximum school tax levy provided
by KRS 160.475. In addition to or in lieu of this special tax, any
board of education may pay into this special fund at the close of any
fiscal year the proceeds from the sale of land or property no longer
needed for school purposes and all or any balances remaining in the
general fund over and above the amount necessary for discharging
obligations for the fiscal year in full.

(2) The special fund provided for herein shall be kept inEl
separate account designated as “School Building Fund.” The fund
shall be kept in the depository selected by the board of education
or invested in bonds of the United States, of this state, or county 0r
municipality in this state, provided however, that such investments
shall be approved by the State Board of Education.

(3) All expenditures from such fund shall be made solely for
the purposes enumerated herein and shall be made in accordance
with the school laws of the state at such times as the board of edu'
cation determines. The board of education shall cause to be made
annually an audit of the building fund by a certified public 210'

42

    

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countant or by an accountant approved by the State Department of
Education. @946, c. 36, § 1 (3) )

160.477 School Building Fund, Voted Tax for; Other Resources
of Fund; Expenditures; Audits. (1) (a) Upon request of the board
of education of any school district, the tax levying authority of the
district shall adopt an ordinance or resolution submitting to the
qualified voters of the district, the question as to Whether a special
school building tax rate of not less than five cents nor more than
fifty cents as requested by the board shall be levied on each one
hundred dollars of property subject to local taxation. This tax levy
shall be in addition to the maximum school tax levy provided by
KRS 160.475. The income from the tax shall be used for the pur-
chase or lease of school sites and buildings, for the erection and
complete equipping of new school buildings, for the major alteration,
enlargement and complete equipping of existing buildings, for the
purpose of retiring, directly or through rental payments, school
revenue bonds issued for such school building improvements, and
for the purpose of financing any program for the acquisition, im-
provement, or building of schools. The question shall be so framed
that the voter may by his vote answer “For” or “Against.”

(b) The election shall be held at a time fixed in the ordinance
or resolution, not less than fifteen or more than thirty days from
the time the request of the board is filed with the tax levying au-
thority, and reasonable notice of the election shall be given. The
election shall be conducted and carried out in the school district in
all respects as required by the general election laws, and shall be held
by the same officers as required by the general election laws. The
expense of the election shall be borne by the fiscal court except
where the election is held in a district embracing a city of the first
five classes, in which case the cost of the election shall be borne by
the governing body of the city.

(0) If a majority of those voting 011 the question favor the
special school building tax levy, the tax levying authority shall when
the next tax rate for the district is fixed levy the special rate speci-
fied by the board of education of the school district for the school
building fund in addition to the levy provided by KRS 160.475.
(Subsection (1) amended, 1952, c. 77, § 1)

. (2) There may be included, in the maximum levy provided for
in KRS 160.475, a special levy for building fund purposes as au-

43

 

  

    

 

 

thorized by KRS 160.476, which shall be in addition to the levy au-
thorized by vote as provided in subsection (1) of this section.

(3) In addition to or in lieu of this special tax, any board of
education may pay into this special fund at the close of any fiscal
year the proceeds from the sale of land or property no longer needed
for school purposes and allow any balances remaining in the general
fund over and above the amount necessary for discharging obliga-
tions for the fiscal year in full.

(4) The special fund provided for in subsection (1) of this sec-
tion shall be kept in a separate account designated as “Special Voted
School Building Func.” The fund shall be kept in the depository
selected by the board of education, or invested in bonds of the United
States, of this state, or of any county or municipality in this state,
provided however, that such investment shall be approved by the
State Board of Education.

(5) All expenditures from such fund shall be made solely for
the purposes enumerated in this section and shall be made in ac-
cordance with the school laws of the state at such times as the board
of education determines. The board of education shall cause to be
made annually an audit of the building fund by a certified public
accountant or by an accountant approved by the State Department
of Education. (1950, e. 142)

337.510 Schedule of Prevailing Wages to be Included in Speci-
fications. Before advertising for bids or entering into any contract
for construction of public works, every public authority shall ascer—
tain the prevailing rates of wages of laborers, workmen, mechanics,
helpers, assistants and apprentices for the class of work called for
in the construction of such public works in the locality where the
work is to be performed. This schedule of wages shall be attached
to and made a part of the specifications for the work and shall be
printed on the bidding blanks and made a part of every contract for
the construction of public works.

337.520 Determination of Prevailing Wages. The wages paid
for a legal day’s work to laborers, workmen, mechanics, helpers:
assistants and apprentices upon public works shall not be less than
the prevailing wages paid in the same trade or occupation in the
locality. The public authority shall establish prevailing wages at
the same rate that prevails in the locality under collective agree—
ments or understandings between bona fide organizations of labol‘

44!

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 and their employers at the date the contract for public works is
made if there are such agreements or understandings in the locality
applying to a sufficient number of employes to furnish a reasonable
basis for considering those rates to be the prevailing rates in the
locality. If contracts are not awarded within ninety days from the
date of the establishment of the prevailing rate of wages, as pro-
vided in KRS 337.510, there shall be a redetermination of the pre-
vailing rate of wages before the contract is awarded and the schedule
or scale of prevailing wages shall be incorporated in and made part
of each contract.

337.530 Contractor to Pay Prevailing Wages and Post Rates;
Payroll Records. (1) \Vhere public authority has established and
prescribed a prevailing rate of wages, the contract executed between
that public authority and the successful bidder or contractor shall
contain a provision requiring the successful bidder and all of his
subcontractors to pay the rate of wages so established. The success-
ful bidder or contractor and all subcontractors shall strictly comply
with these provisions of the contract.

(2) All contractors and subcontractors required by KRS
337.510 to 337.559 and the contracts with any public authority to
pay not less than the prevailing rate of wages, shall pay such wages
in legal tender without any deductions. These provisions shall not
apply where the employer and employe enter into an agreement in
writing at the beginning of or during any term of employment cov-
ering deductions for food, sleeping accommodations, or any similar
item if this agreement is submitted by the employer to the public
authority who fixed the rate of wages and is approved by that au—
thority as fair and reasonable. All contractors and subcontractors
affected by the terms of KRS 337.510 to 337.550 shall keep full and
accurate payroll records covering all disbursements of wages to their
employes to whom they are required to pay not less than the pre-
vailing rate of wages. These payroll records shall not be destroyed
or removed from this state for one year following the completion of
the improvement in connection with which they are made.

(3) Each contractor and subcontractor subject to the pro-
visions of KRS 337.510 to 337.550 shall post and keep posted in a con-
Spicuous place at the site of the construction work a copy of prevail-
ing rates of wages and working hours as prescribed in the contract
with the public authority, showing the rates of wages prescribed and
the working hours for each class of laborers, workmen, mechanics,

4‘5

 

 

 

     

helpers, assistants and apprentices employed by him in the work of
constructing the public works provided for in the contract with the

public authority.

337.540 Limitation of Working Hours; Exceptions; Overtime.
(1) Every public authority, before advertising for bids, shall in-
clude with the schedule of wages a provision that no laborer, work-
man, mechanic, helper, assistant or apprentice shall be permitted to
work more than eight hours in one calendar day, which shall consti-
tute a legal day’s work; nor more than forty hours in one week, which
shall constitute a legal work week, except in cases of emergency
caused by fire, flood or damage to life or property. This limita-
tion of work hours shall be made a part of the specifications for the
work and printed on bid blanks where the work is done by contract
and shall be incorporated as a part of each contract.

(2) No laborer, workman, mechanic, helper, assistant or ap-
prentice shall be permitted to work more than eight hours in any
one calendar day, nor more than forty hours in any one week, except
in cases of emergency caused by fire, flood or damage to life or
property, on the construction of public works which is being con-
structed under contract with any public authority.

(3) Any laborer, workman, mechanic, helper, assistant or ap-
prentice worked in excess of eight hours per day or forty hours per
week, except in cases of emergency shall be paid not less than one
and one-half times the prevailing rate of wages as fixed under this
chapter for all overtime worked, and each contract with any public
authority for the construction of public works shall so provide.

(4) The determination of exception provided in this section 0i
when an emergency exists shall be made by the public authority
letting the contract.

337.550 Department to Aid in Enforcement; Remedies 0i
Laborer. (1) Any laborer or mechanic employed on public works
may file a complaint of any violation of any provision of KRS 337.510
to 337.550 with the department. The department shall assist him
in the collection of claims of wages due him and shall also assiSt
to the fullest extent in the administration and enforcement of KRS
337.510 to 337.550.

(2) A laborer or worker may by civil action recover any Sum
due him as the result of the failure of his employer to comply with
the terms of KRS 337.510 to 337.550.

46

    

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337.990 Penalties. (11) Any public authority who willfully
fails to comply or to require compliance with KRS 337.510 to 337.550
shall be fined not more than one hundred dollars for each offense.

322.360 Public Work Under Unlicensed Engineer Prohibited.
(1) Neither the state nor any of its political subdivisions shall en-
gage in the construction of any public work involving engineering,
unless the plans, specifications and estimates have been prepared and
the construction executed under the direct supervision of a licensed
engineer or a licensed architect.

(2) Subsection (1) of this section shall not apply to any public
work in which contemplated expenditure for the completed project
does not exceed two thousand dollars or to the maintenance or re-
pair of any existing state or county highway.

156.160 Superintendent to Prepare School Budget and Rules
and Regulations Governing Schools, for Adoption by Board. The
Superintendent of Public Instruction shall prepare or cause to be

prepared and submit for approval and adoption by the State Board
of Education:

(5) Regulations for the sanitary and protective construction
of public school buildings, toilets, physical equipment of school
grounds, school buildings and classrooms;

(6) Regulations governing medical inspection, physical edu-
cation and recreation, and other rules and regulations deemed neces-
sary or advisable for the protection of the physical welfare and
safety of the public school children;

(11) A uniform series of forms and blanks, educational and

financial, including forms of contract, for use in the several school
districts.

4l7

 

  

 III ROLE OF AGENCIES

A. State Department of Education

The essential function of the State Department of Education in
school plant planning is service. Those responsible for providing
this service welcome an opportunity to work with local authorities.
Because in Kentucky these individuals see all plans for public school
construction and have served in consultative relationships in one way
or another with superintendents and boards of education in planning
hundreds of school building projects, they are in a position to render
consultative service which may be of value to local officials in plan-
ning any school building program. In general, local officials may
expect the following listed services from the officials of the State
Department of Education.
1. Advice about the general steps to be taken and the legal require-
ments to be met in the improvement of the present school buildings
and school sites.
2. Suggestions on working with architects and site planners in the
designing of school buildings and school sites which will be function-
ally superior.
3. Help in planning public relations programs including the or—
ganization of citizens’ planning groups in connection with school
buildings and site projects.
4. Consultative service in working with local citizens and school
personnel who are conducting their own studies for building and
site needs.
5. Surveys for the location of school buildings and sites.
6. Advise on other sources of special help and technical assistance.

, The advice and assistance which the State Department of Edu-
cation can give will be most effective if it is used early in the plan-
ning process. The individuals of the department who assist in the
planning of school building projects desire to give as much service
as possible and to be available Whenever they are needed. If this
service is to be most effective it is desirable that local officials con-
tact the State Department several days before work is to begin in
order that the planning process may get started in the manner which
will be most valuable to local officials.

B. Responsibility in Planning
. The planning and construction of a school plant in Kentucky
18 principally the responsibility of the officials of the district in

49

 

   

    

which it is located. The people of a community are interested in
having a plant which will meet their needs for safety, comfort and
physical well—being of the pupils and which will be economical in
cost of construction. They want plant facilities which will best serve
in achieving the educational purposes of the school.

School plant planning involves a large number of decisions. All
districts need expert advice in getting a building so designed as to
guarantee construction to meet the particular needs and conditions.
To secure the best r e sult s requires the participation of citizens
as well as educational and building specialists. The services of
several specialists who are not members of the community will be
needed because of their technical abilities.

Principles to be Observed in Discharging Responsibility

In working together in the planning and the designing of a
school plant, responsibilities must be fixed and relationships
must be determined, understood and accepted. The principles
listed below are basic to the responsibilities that should exist
in planning and in designing a school plant.

1. The people of a community should participate in de-
termining the program to be housed, and any new plant
to be constructed. They need technical advice in their
considerations. Conclusions and recommendations should
be transmitted to the board of education for appropriate
action.

2. While the state is the owner, the local board of education
is in control of the school plant. It, therefore, should
make the final decision.

3. A local board of education employs specialists including
administrators, teachers, custodians, architectS, contraC-
tors and consultants to carry on its operation, to advise ii
on technical and professional matters and to perforll1
other assigned tasks.

Participants in Planning
Who should be the participants in planning a school plantl
The following is a suggested list of officials, individuals and
organizations which have been found to be essential in a schOOl
plant planning program.
1. A representative cross section of the people of the com”
munity.

 

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; and
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serve

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as to
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The school board.

The superintendent of schools, who is executive officer
of the board.

The school staff.

Educational consultants.

The State Department of Education.

Architects and engineers.

Technical consultants.

Contractors and builders.

Local district governing body.

Responsibilities of Each of These Groups

1.

People of the Community. They should assist, by a com-
mittee, in determining the need of the school plant. This
should be done through a study of the community growth
as well as size and condition of the present plant, educa-
tional needs, financial ability and obligations, etc. The
records of this group should be passed on to the school
board for action.

The School Board. The board should take action based
upon consideration of facts as shown by an authorized
study. It should select and appoint architects and con-
sultants to aid in making decisions. It is the legal duty of
the board to select and purchase sites after approval by
legally authorized agencies. It is also legally required to
authorize all contracts and accept the completed building
after contracts have been completed. It should act as the
legal agent for the district in all phases of planning, de-
signing and constructing plants.

The Superintendent of Schools. As the executive officer
of the board, the superintendent should recommend per-
sonnel, procedures, policies and advise the board on all
phases of the building program. As the educational leader
of the community he should suggest and take the respon-
sibility for studies which should be made showing plant
needs. He should direct the collecting and interpreting of
data, advise and assist school and community groups in
cooperative planning and act as agent of the board in all
phases of the program.

The School Staff. This staff should consist of individuals
from a cross section of the services to be offered. It should

51

 

   

    

assist in planning and carrying out of studies, aid in the
interpretation of the findings of these studies and educa-
tional specifications and space requirements of the con-
templated school plant.

Educational Consultants. When these are available they
should confer with the superintendent of schools, the edu-
cational staff and state authorities and advise the school
board through the superintendent of schools on functional
and educational layouts of floor plans and other phases
essential to the school plant program under consideration.

State Department of Education. Designated representa-
tives of this department should advise local groups on
procedures, state regulations and other matters essential
to the proper school building program. It should, in so
far as it is equipped to do so, provide technical assistance
and information. All this should be done on request. In
so far as possible it should give supervision and approval
of the building construction, which has been erected ac-
cording to plans and specifications which have been ap-
proved as meeting requirements of law and the regula-
tions of the State Board of Education.

Architects and Engineers. These technicians should ad-
vise the board (through the superintendent of schools) on
phases of the program for which they have technical
training and experience, translate the educational pro—
gram for which plant facilities are needed into a building
design and write specifications for same. They should ad-
vise on letting contracts, supervise or direct the super—
vision and construction and recommend approval and ac-
ceptance 0