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T H E B U L L T O W’N C O U N T R Y .
Number 10 — Folk Studies ' ;
I Compiled and'Written I g

l
I by I E ‘
l workers of the writers' Program .
Work Projects Administration I ‘

in ‘
west Virginia '
Sponsored by l f
State Department of Edueation f 3
l W} W} Trent, State Superintendent Of Free SchOOls l :
Co—Sponsored by f g
Braxton County Board of Education I E
:1: >1: >k .
I \
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I 3 =
Federal Works Agency I '
John M. Carmody, Administrator i
Work Projects Administration 1
Howard 0. Hunter, Acting Commissioner 5
Florence Kerr, Assistant Commissioner '
J. N. Alderson, State Administrator , _
* >l< =i< ' .
west Virginia writers' Project S

312 Smallridge Building

» Charleston 1
3
~ Bruce Crawford, State Supervisor Paul H. Becker, Asst, State Supervisor i
O. 0. Sutton, County Supervisor ,
Research Assistants -
William H. Hyer and Benton B. Boggs, Jr.. :
November, 1940 j
E mem .1

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FOREWORD 1‘
This booklet , as compiled and written by the
West Virginia Writers ' Project , deals with
the story of Bullt own and the Little Kanawha
valley region. It is the story of many epi-
3 sodes in Braxt on County ’ s hi st cry in the past
two centuries occurring here . ,The Writers’ |
' Project feels that in presenting this some— -.-;-:--..:-~
' . . . . “K
what brief historical sketch, it has brought [{r W. .. ‘
to light many interesting facts and incidents (\fi .975“: ,
connected with this particular section that 5..\,,:\./ i
"3 Were heretofore unknown. i ”’1‘;.Z‘-'.'.'_'.'.'.'.':Z':':'-;-
' O. 0. Sutton, County Supervisor ‘ -
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I I ,
I c o N T E II T s I
Captain Bull and the Delawares . . . . . . . a . . l I
Pontiac’s Conspiracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
S‘IJI‘OUd Family I'IassaCI‘ed. . o o o o o I o o o a u o 6 I
. n I I
ThelndianMassacre...............7I I
I .'-'I‘. Set’t 181‘s Arrive o p o o v o o o a l o o o I a a o o 8
. "‘23:" salt Milking. o o o o o a o D o o a o o I o a o a ll
County's First Mill, School and Church . . . . . 15
Old POStOffiCe I I) O I l O O I O O 9 O 0 C I O U 14-— I .
' -4” Bulltown in the Civil Strife . . . . . . . . . , 15 I v
I. I I {7" Battle Of Built Ovm I U I O C O O O l D O O I O D 16 l I
I I . The "Lost Vacation". 0 o o a o v o a a o o o u a 2]-
_ The Bulltewn Country Today . . . . . . . . . . . 22 I
, , Cover and Illustrations by I
. l
‘ ‘ I Boone Beggs, Jr. /‘\fi :
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 h . THE BULLWNN COUNTRY '
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" EEi€§§§E§j aptain Bull, the Delaware Indian chief whose name is perpetuated
. ; a ;;§;%i§§?i in Bulltown on the Little Kanawha, came to the hills of north- 7
ltt‘ii fl??? M“.WE west Virginia as an exile from his homeland on the upper Susque-
,t; hana in New York State. In 1764, when he led his twenty relatives to the
f. :22 ’ site of the present tewn, he was fleeing the wrath of the English Indian 1
1 it: Commissioner, Sir William Johnson, who had become incensed against the I I
i it: Delawares after discovering Captain Bull's role in Pontiac's Conspiracy.
1;...l:= Johnson had organized a band of English settlers and friendly Indians,
_i6¥‘: E and in March of 1764 this group had fought Bull and his adherents and I '
32: captured a number of them including the malcontent leader, who was led in ‘
éiii irons to New York City. After a short imprisonment, however, he had been 1
ii: 2 released on his promise to leaVe the territory.
,M, is}; Captain Bull was the son of Teedyuscung, the last Chieftain of
WV ,lfié the Delaware tribe, to whom a monument has been erected in Fairmont Park,
hggi:%:i: Philadelphia, representing him, bow and spear in hand, plume of eagle i
€i;g?:;§{ feathers on his brow, stepping forth on his journey towards the setting L
i§§¥t 3: sun. Teedyuscung, born at Trenton, New Jersey, about l705, had been -
.:;:?fgg‘ chosen Chief of the Delawares at about 50 years of age. He was burned to 1
Pi nggi‘ death on the night of April 16, 1764, when enemy Indians, either Senecas ;
iggzltié or Mohawks, set fire to his lodge in the Indian village at wyoming in :
iffihii§ New York while he lay drunk. Unlike his father, Captain Bull was not %
i£££w~'hr i
I:E?fi;in friendly toward the English, but led a band of dissatisfied Delaware 3
Efingiffii braves into the hostile camp of Pontiac. His arrest and exile, occurring :
ixfiifthf at almost the same time as his father's death, prevented him from becom- ;
,léliilli ing Great Chief of the Delaware. The story of Captain Bull and the 5
:fijffffl' Pontiac Conspiracy is the background to the history of Bulltown. 1

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I iflfi'.r ! Pontiac’s Conspiracy j
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:Ifi"li"' ’ At the time of the Conspiracy about 600 Delaware Indians had ‘ :
, been included in the wily Pontiac's plans to overthrow the English, and |
’ *V' . restore the supremacy of the French and Indian races. (This estimate was |
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I. } made by Sir Uilliam.Johnson in 1765, who calculated the entire Indian I _
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' ; forces involved in Pontiac’s plans were not in excess of ten thousand I
“"' g I warriors.) Captain Dull led the Delaware group that joined the dissatis— }
it‘"" : I fied Iroquois, Shawnee, wyandot, Miami, Kickapoo, Ottawa, and Ojibwa
" ":\ E I tribes who regretted the fall of Quebec and DeVaudreuil’s capitulation at 1
“ V'fi é Montreal. Canada had passed from the control of France and Great Britain ;
I'"“ 5 had, for a time, established military rule.
i'”3' ; Though small English garrisons occupied the forts in the West,
9 around the shores of the Great Lakes and the territory watered by the
‘ ’“7 5 Ohio, the French still held posts on the'Wabash and the Mississippi, and g
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' ; had conSiderable settlements around hew Orleans. In the Ohio Valley and ;
h"li i about the Lakes, discontentment smouldered among the Indians, most of ;
.a"t { whom preferred the casual French who had never disturbed their way of f
5”’”* ; life in sharing their hunting grounds to the English, when they dreaded
”"“”T 3 ! as likely to drive them from their hunting grounds and treat them with ’
““’l“' f injustice and neglect. I .
' - ; Their fears were worked upon and disaifection fomented by French
zem.; i traders from St. Louis and Montreal; the results were seen presently in «
””“”F f the uprising of all the western tribes under the leadership of Pontiac, ‘
“"‘”' 3 Chief of the Ottawa warriors. Captain Bull and the Delaware through the .
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“ ‘“ ; influence of Pontiac were, of course, as deeply involved in the scheme as -
'*:-- i any of the other tribes. When the English learned of the uprising, j

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i Captain Bull became the first martyr to a hopeless cause. It is not known!
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‘ whether Bull and the Delawares that settled in the Bulltown Country i
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1 I planned to avenge their plight and misfortune, for unforeseen events de- 9
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; cided their fate shortly after their arrival and settlement in the country! v
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, west of the Allegheny Mountains. i ‘
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; | From the letters of Sir William Johnson, the English Indian i 7
2 Superintendent in New York at the time, some light is shed on the life and!
1 character of Captain Bull. writing in regard to the trouble with Pontiac,! 5
Johnson stated: "...among the prisoners taken is Captain Bull the head of I é
1 their party 3 Son of Teedyuscung; he has been principally concerned in the} ‘
: whole war and has done much mischief..." ' f
‘ The story of Captain Bull's capture, and some further facts as I
_ 3 to his character, is told in another of Johnson's letters-~this one Writ~ 1 7
; ten to Thomas Gage, in 1764: l
.’{ "Dear Sir ] g
1- { "I have the pleasure to acquaint you that the prisoners } ~
' 1 arrived here on the 15th of March a were yesterday sent down under a ‘
" Guard of a Capt & 50 Provincials to Albany....The number of Prisoners f
f I have sent to Cell Elliot are 14 men, with Capt. Bull, a villian of i j
' i the first rank, the manner of their being taken agrees with that I
; first heard, Except that one of them.was wounded, as he made a good j
E deal of resistance when they Tyed him up, but it is with particular , l
g satisfaction I inform you that they are all of Kanestie and have many J
? prisoners amongst them which Bull offered for his ransom, he told the
% party that took him.that he had with his own hands killed 26 English 1
i since Spring % it appears that their design was to come here, make 1
1 offers of peace, beg for a little ammunition & on their return destroy l
v 1 Cherry—Valley or some other of our settlements, they insulted the l
y ; Indians of 2 or 3 Small Friendly villages & shot down their cattle, & ,
i took away their provisions by force. Capt Bull did not attempt to ,
"; deny his behavior, and on my asking him on what account he became so
g inveterate an Enemy, he told me, he did not know, that he was advised ' '
g to it, & his party followed his example; he is a fellow of great -
, address, but feigns an ignorance a is full of prevarication, he is I '
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I very likely and remarkably active as are several others with him, I
I which makes me dread their escaping, altho’ I told him if he I
' I attempted to escape, those in our hands would be put to death I f
, ? immediately." I I
' I Thus ended forever the career of Indian Chief Bull in New York I
I and Pennsylvania. he was released from his New :ork prison upon the one I I
I condition that he would flee from the State and never return. Like his I 5
I father, Captain Bull was well known in the region around Philadelphia. I
5 I He did not choose, however, to make his home there but instead sought out 3
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: I a wilderness section in the wilds of western Virginia. His reason for
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. I delng so is not inown. I
. I The new location where Bull and his people settled was indeed I
. I an ideal one. Game was plentiful, the rich, fertile land grew fine cropsI 7
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z of corn, and there were no other tribes to molest them. Perhaps the mainI *
: reason why the Bulltown location was chosen by the Indians was the pres- I
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, ence of salt springs irom Which that mueh-neeoeo commodity coulo be made. I I
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I Salt was an important article then just as it is today, and the only I j
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_ I sources were the eastern markets and the saline springs, the water of I .
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I which could be belled to obtain the white precipitate. These springs were; :
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le t'f l ‘w nr' J' n ° *1 fi~uh I
p an lluu in nany seetiens 01 the Chute. ‘
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I It is not delinitely known 11 the presence of a spring at Bull— I i
I town determined Captain Bull's selection of the site for his village, but I I
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I in any case, Captain Bull's people were the first to manufacture salt I
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r I there. They are known to have begun making the article shortly after I F
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I their arrival. They made it by collecting the saline waters of the sprineI a
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in WOOan troughs and heating it’flith hot stones drop?ed into the contain‘I 2
er. The brine from the Bulltown spring waS‘weak, and the evaporation of I I
I c.
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I about 800 gallons of the brine was required to make a Single bushel of i ,
! salt. Under this method, employed by the Delawares, salt—making was a g :
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a ’ tedious process, and the production by the Indians was never great. Theyl
l manufactured barely enough to supply their own needs and a small quantityi
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i for trade with the few whites who were close neighuors. l 1
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i A number of White settlers from fiandolph County ViSited the .
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! Bulltown village frequently as early as 1770 and traded with the Delawares
for salt. The article was transported down the valley on pack horses,
the only mode of transportation at that early date. i ‘
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Ei{Cht years passed——eight years that bore a marked difference i ‘
_ i from any other eight of Captain Bull's life——in‘nhich the little village I ,
| of Bulltown became known far and wide. Captain Bull, after coming to l ,
l western Virginia, then called West Augusta District, was a different ,
character; during the eight years that he and his people inhabited the i i
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Little Kanawha valley, he became peaceful toward the few whites with whom ;
I he came in contact, often hunting with them. he was in all respects a ;
1 "good Indian,” as was the rest of the little band that made up his camp. 3
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_ I His tepee was always open to the hunter and the pioneer, and he was their ! '
. l friend. The Indians hunted the'sild life in the virgin forests, fished, % *
! made salt, visited pioneer settlements in the country farther north; but ’ 3
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a bare eight years after their arrival,in 177e, the eVil deeds of the ' ,
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past resulted in death to the indians and destruction to their village. i l
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Ten years of peace on the Virginian frontier intervened between I '
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the close of Pontiac’s Her in 1764 and Dunmore's War in 1774. During } ,
these ten years a wonderful shifting of the frontier had taken place. ! f
Pioneers seeking homes farther in the interior of the mountain country had; . .

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established many settlements in the north central region, and as the num~i
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her of settlers increased so did tne concern DI the Incians, resulting in: I
~ , many massacres and depredations. ‘ _
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Captain Bull and his hand, however, became more and more friend«l '
‘ 1v towards the ever—increasing number of whites in northwest Virginia. i i
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Elsewhere in the trans—Allegheny territory, Indian depredations were com—l '
' mitted with an ever—increasing frequency, and by 1772 the threat of an I
‘ ' Indian‘nar occupied all minds. Tension between the western settlers and I
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the Indians became constantly greater. The pioneers desired a final ! i
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I settlement and'nhen they began to lay plans for forcing the issue war was . 1
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. . assured. I
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' Although the Bulltown Delawares took no part in the raids and i
nmrders and did not join the Indians along the Ohio River who sent out ‘
‘ numerous raiding parties, killing the whites and plundering the unprotect— :
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5 ed settlements, this did not prevent the neighboring whites from suspect~ y i
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ing them. Some even went so far as to suggest that Captain Bull and his i a
people he forced to leave the country—~Jesse Hughes, the noted border i
scout, was the greatest advocate of such action—-yet the relations hetweeni
' hull and the settlers, although somewhat strained, continued on friendly l ;
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terms until 1772. i {
§troud Family Massacred ! j
Shortly after the treaty with the Indians, in 1768, Adam.8troud,! ;
a German, and his family, settled on'what is now Stroud's Creek, near its 1 ‘
junction with the Gauley RiVer, and in what is now wehster County. Here I
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. l he erected a crude log cabin and in the course of time cleared some land l 3
' and planted crops. For four years he and his family enjoyed the freedom I ;_
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of the frontier unmolested. Then, in the month of June, 1772, while I
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Stroud was absent from his home, a party of Indian warriors, supposed to I ‘
H ' haVe been of the Shawnee tribe, murdered the entire German family of '
seven children and the mother. They also plundered the house and drove L
I off what livestock the Strouds possessed. i
I Because the Shawnees, who were guilty of the Stroud massacre, I
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« left a false trail leading in a general direction OI the Delaware Village,l .
I suspicion at once fell upon Captain Bull and his warriors; even Stroud I
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' I himself expressed the belief that the Rulltown Indians were responsible I ,
for the massacre. When he arrived home that June day and found his entireI
family murdered, Stroud sped to the Hacker Creek settlement in Lewis I 3
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_ County and spread the alarm. An immediate cry sent up to avenge the deedI
at once. Hany, however, doubted that Bull or any of his band had any I
' part in the killing. They held back because on frequent visits to the I I
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Little Kanawha village they had found the leader of the Bulltown Indians I I
A very friendly and were slow in being convinced of his guilt. I j
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Tlalmlajiasiaare i r
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Five men, Jesse Hughes, hilliam'White, John Cutright, William I
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dacher, and a man by the name of nettle, wno would believe nothing but '
that the Bulltewn Indians were guilty announced their intention of pro— I E
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seeding against the Little Kanawha Village. Jesse Hughes like Lenis I I
. wetzel, had a great hatred for Indians—~whether friendly or not--and noth~I _
ing delighted him.more than an opportunity to kill a redskin. He killed I I
at times, it would seem, merely for the sake of killing. It is therefore I ;
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poss1ble coat huyhes, because of his feeling towaros the indians, ano I
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I because he lived only a short distance from their settlement, instigated I
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h the action against Captain Bull's people. I j
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~ Hughes and his party went to Bulltown, and returned a day or I
' tWO later. They denied having as much as seen an Indian, telling the I
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Hacker Creek settlers that Bull and his people had left the country. I ;
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What really did occur at the Indian village was not disclosed until sever—I
. al years later. On his deathbed in 1852 when 105 years old John CutrightJ
told the true story of the disappearance of Captain Bull and his fellow I
Delawares. I '
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I Outright said that as Jesse Hughes and the four other men left I
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I I the Hacker Creek settlement, and made their way toward the Bulltcwn I
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colony, they became more and more embittered against the Indians. Hughesd
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it appears, goaded the men on, and planned the best way to attack the I
I Indian village. With his usual cunning, Hughes planned to take the I I
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_ , Indians completely by surprise. I I
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. _ I ne succeeded, anc iailing upon the Delawares before they were I _
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I aware that any danger was near, the Hughes party killed every member of I i
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I the Indian settlement, men, women and children alike. Realizing the ex— I 1
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.. tent of their malefaction, the men, fearful of pOSSicle unpleasant conse— I I
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a ~- —