xt77sq8qc919 https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt77sq8qc919/data/mets.xml Randolph, Coleman. 1921  books b92-47-26953466 English : Morristown, N.J. : [s.n.], Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Washington (Ky.) United States History Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775. Marshall, Thomas, 1730-1802. Marshall family. Old house on the hill  : a brief historical sketch issued as a souvenir / by Coleman Randolph. text Old house on the hill  : a brief historical sketch issued as a souvenir / by Coleman Randolph. 1921 2002 true xt77sq8qc919 section xt77sq8qc919 



































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A BRIEF HISTORICAL SKETCH
ISSUED AS A SOUVENIR



  [B COLEMAN RANDOLPH



       MORRISTOWN
       NEW JERSEY
          1921

 





























   Copyrighted 1921
By COLEMAN RANDOLPH
Morristown, New Jersey

































    Printed by the
MORRIS COUNTY PRESS
Morristown., New Jersey

 


3refate



no N writing this little sketch which is in-
         tended to serve as a souvenir of an old
         historic land mark, it is found neces-
         sary to review certain events of that
 epoch. The "Old House on the Hill" possesses
 more than a mere personal interest due to its
 age and the primitive conditions which existed
 at the time of its foundation. For this reason
 it is deemed appropriate to take a birdseye sur-



vey of the stirring incidents of that period. A
casual examination will suffice to show that the
life of the Old House was interwoven with some
of the most thrilling and important events of
American History; that it was in fact an out-
post, a point of observation during a critical
period when premature disorganization and dis-
ruption of the national government was
threatened.

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Jntroburtion



        HIS is not an age in which one can
          safely trust to tradition to preserve
          the records of the past. A few words
          to explain the purpose of the illus-
trations contained in this publication, therefore,
may not be amiss. The "House on the Hill" or
"Federal Hill" as it was formerly called, was in
the early days of our Country, one of the bul-
warks which marked the frontier of the United
States west of the Alleghanies. The house is
built of brick manufactured in the neighborhood.
It was a substantial structure and made to with-
stand a siege.

  A brief description of the conditions that
existed in the United States at the time the house
was built will give a better idea of the part it
played in the National Life.



   The Old House served as a headquarters for
loyal patriots to assemble as well as a frontier
post. At the time it was built danger lurked in
the foreign intrigues which threatened the free
navigation of the Mississippi and also the peace-
ful possession of our western domains from the
Ohio River to the Lakes. Internal disaffection
moreover required attention. Lawless characters
chafed at the supineness of the new Federal Gov-
ernment in guarding their rights against foreign
agression, while with-holding from the Govern-
ment the support necessary to give it proper
vigo! to assert itself. The social agitator was
ever ready to work upon this seething element
of discontent. These observations serve to re-
call to mind the chaotic mass out of which our
Government was composed, while taking shape
under the master hands of Empire Builders.

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        HE Village of Washington, Ky., calmly
           reposes among the hills of northern
           Kentucky several miles from  the
           Ohio River in what is known as the
"Blue Grass" region.   A  stranger traveling
through the country would hardly be tempted to
delay his journey to make extended inquiry
about the town, which, at first acquaintance,
would strike one as modest and commonplace.
In the midst of the village, located upon a small
elevation which overlooks the immediate neigh-
borhood, is an old brick house which has the
appearance, in spite of its dilapidation and age,
of having seen better days. A long sweep of lawn
extending a considerable distance in several
directions seems to forbid the encroachments of
the squalid hovels and modern dwellings that
have sprung up in later years. Formerly a hand-
some grove of locust trees adorned the slopes
that nature graded up to the Old Mansion, but
they have yielded to the decaying process of
time which leaves them only a memory of the
past.

   Not far from the Old House, about a stone's
throw, is a little cemetery where repose some



J N the year 1783 Col. Thomas Marshall
         received from the State of Virginia the
         title of Surveyor of Kentucky County.
         This County originally comprised a
very large section of the country. It was soon
after divided into other counties. The name
was finally given to the state when it was created.
Col. Thomas Marshall and that part of his
family which located in Kentucky acquired con-
siderable real estate even for that era. The to-
tal amount acquired was about 500,000 acres.
Soon after his appointment, Col Marshall organ-
ized a small party and shouldering his rifle left



generations of those who first established the
Old House and the estate which formerly sur-
rounded it.
   It is hardly necessary to say that the "Old
House on the Hill," by which name the mansion
is familiarly known, has a history. (a) The most
interesting part of that history cannot be told
because those who knew it in its best days are
taking the "sleep that knows no waking."
   The stranger wandering about the village
should be on his guard against some unpleasant
reminder of pioneer days. When the country was
being settled, occasionally the prudent back-
woodsman dug a well inside of his cabin to pro-
vide against a cruel want in case he should be
besieged and forced to defend himself. There
was no means of forecasting when the savage,
brooding over his wrongs, might "dig up the
hatchet" and painting himself in hideous colors
indicative of his purpose, make an attack upon
the unsuspecting settler. After the dangers of
Indian warfare disappeared and the old cabins
were abandoned, the wells still remained and
were sometimes discovered in the streets merely
covered with boards.



the more settled regions east of the Alleghanies
to take possession of his new estate.
   Starting out on its career the Government
at Washington, D. C., found it sufficiently diffi-
cult to stand on its feet without trying to enforce
writs of ejectment against the "Red Skins" of
the wilderness. The savages thought they had
a proscriptive right against all comers. If a
cloud rested upon the title, which, according to
their way of thinking meant possession and a
(a) It waas sometimes called "Federal Hill" on ac-
   count of the political proclivities of Captain
   Marshall. 'The Marshall Family," by Wm. DC
   l'axtor, p. 49.



Talanct Z 4outas ifara4att

 

hand strong enough to retain it, it was due to
the fact that most of the region now known as
the state of Kentucky was formerly a debatable
hunting ground where the Northern and South-
em Indians often met in pursuing their pastime
of the chase. (a) This diversion was sometimes
varied by strife among themselves. In keeping
with this tradition was the name of the state.
This was of Indian origin and was first given
to a river known as "Kentucke," which signifies
bloody water, and is rather suggestive of its
savage christening.
    There has been some dispute respecting the
reason which influenced Col. Marshall and his
sons to penetrate the wilderness and locate in
Kentucky. The spirit of adventure which ani-
mated many in those days might be assigned as
the impelling motive; a desire to settle in a
region which was destined to become of great
importance and where land could be obtained
for practically nothing. It has also been stated
that policy and patriotic motives dictated their
actions. It seemed that a vigilant eye was re-
quired on the frontier to observe the course of
events and a masterful mind to inspire a senti-
ment of loyalty.
   The following correspondence between Col.
Thomas Marshall and Washington throws con-
siderable light on this subject.
   On February 12, 1789, Col. Marshall wrote
a letter to Washington in which he speaks of an
interview between General Wilkinson and the
Spanish Government at New Orleans, afterwards
published by General Wilkinson. The Governor
requested General Wilkinson to write him a
letter "respecting the political interests of Spain
and the Americans    inhabiting the western
waters. This he did in an essay, as he calls it.
Col. Marshall continues as follows: "I saw the
Governor's letter to him acknowledging receipt
of it, and informing him he would lay it before
the King of Spain; a copy of this essay he pro-
duced and read in our late convention for' the
district; as well as my memory (which is not
very accurate) serves me, the substance of it is
as follows: "He urges our natural right of fol-
lowing the current of rivers flowing through the



country into the sea. He states the extent of our
country etc.,    proper for foreign markets,
to which we have no means of conveying them,
should the Mississippi be closed against us. He
states the advantages Spain might derive from
allowing us the free use of the river. He states
the general abhorrence with which the people
of the western waters received the intelligence
that Congress was about to sacrifice their dear-
est interest by ceding to Spain the navigation of
the Mississippi for twenty or thirty years and re-
presents it as a fact that they were on the point
of separating themselves from the Union on that
account."

   "He addresses himself to their fears by a
pompous display of forces, etc.    "Great
Britain stands with her arms expanded ready to
receive us" and assist our efforts for the accom-
plishment of this object, etc."

    "This essay was, I am told, laid before the
Court of Madrid; and as a violent separation
from the United States seems to be laid down
as the ground work upon which every other con-
sequence depends, I think it probably has pro-
duced instructions from the court to the repre-
sentative at Congress that if the westward
country should declare itself separate from the
Union, to avail himself of the event etc." (But-
ler's History of Kentucky, p. 519).

   The following passage occurs in a letter
written in reply to Col. Marshall, March 27,
1789 by Washington:

   "It is true I had previously received some
verbal and written information on the subject of
a similar tenor, but none which placed the affairs
in such an alarming point of view as that in
which I now behold.'g/"

   To explain the situation more fully it is nec-
essary to recall the conditions existing in the
United States when the National Government
was being formed and the parts of its great
(a) Speaking of Kentucky occurs the following
   pa-sage in Collins' History of Kentucky: "The
   dark forests and cane thickets separated the
   Cherokees. Creeks and Catawbas of the South
   from the Shawnees, Delawares and Wyandots
   of the North. (Collins History, Vol. 1, p. 247)

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COLONEL THOMAS MARSHALL


 























































MARY RANDOLPH KIETH MARSHALL
WIFE OF COLONEL THOMAS MARSHALL

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widespread domain representing so many and
diverse political units were being knit together.
The wild and inhospitable character of that re-



gion must be understood to form a correct im-
pression of the hardships and difficulties that
had to be borne. (a)



general (64ararter of t4e Country at 07lat 1priob



A      SHORT recital of some of the inci-
         dents of this period will give a better
         idea of the actual state of things in
         that part of the Country.

    In the year 1775 occurred the Braddock
Massacre near Fort Duquesne, not far from the
present city of Pittsburg, but far to the eastward
of the town of Washington, Ky. The battle of
the "Blue Licks" a few miles east of Washington
was fought in 17(2, where the whites lost sixty
men, about one-tenth of the fighting population
of the State. (b) It is said that in 1768 an ex-
plorer by the name of John Finley did not find
one white man's cabin in all of Kentutky. Even
as late as 1810, Wilson, a naturalist, speaking of
Lexington, Ky., writes: "Within the memory of
a middle-aged man who gave me the information
there were only two log huts on the spot where
the city is now erected, while the surrounding
country was a wilderness rendered hideous by
skulking bands of bloody and ferocious Indians."
(c)
    In fact, it was even thought expedient in
certain quarters to delay the development of
that region. It was the policy of Lord Hills-
borough to prevent colonization and hold the
country through the friendship of the Natives.
(d) Washington, actuated by a more progress-
ive spirit, had ideas of colonizing this section.
(e) In 1784, he made a tour through the re-
gion west of the Alleghanies. (f)
    No less important, it is necessary to appre-
ciate the character of the former occupants of
the Old House and the part they played in the
early history of the country, as well as the spirit
which animated them in their devotion to the
new Government and its ideals.
    At the end of the Revolutionary War when
the welcome news was spread abroad that the
struggle with the Mother Country had ended in



the emancipation of the Colonies from her do-
minion, the joyful tidings were soon marred by
the realization of the formidable obstacles yet
to be overcome. Each colony had a tradition
and a history of its own; an individuality, so
to speak, which it had no intention of ycldmng.
To understand their feelings it would he neces-
sary to go back to the first settlers who estab-
lished them and follow their history through
their rivalries and political conflicts to the time
when it was plainly evident that a new combi-
nation was necessary for mutual protection to
take the place of the royal Government from
which they had separated. Social equality had
already begun to manifest itself but had not
been clearly defined in a political sense; religious
tolerance, or perhaps indifference, characterized
the sentiment of the day and religious differences
had not for a considerable period disturbed the
peace of the Colonies, in either a political or
personal sense; in fact, there had succeeded the
religious discord of an earlier period in certain
quarters, a tendency to free thinking and agnos-
ticism; a disposition to question all authority,
whether religious or political.   The  Mother
Country frequently left the Colonists to shift
for themselves which developed a spirit of inde-
pendence to which the frontiersman had already
become accustomed.

(a) Kentucky was regarded as a hunting ground
   by tacit agreement and "reserved from perma-
   nent occupation." (Butler's History of Ken-
   tucky. introduction. p. XIII.)
   "As late as the peace of Aix La Chapelle In
   1784, the Western country of the British Col-
   onies was in the possession of the native
   tribes, undisturbed by the white man." (But-
   Ier's History of Kentucky, introduction. p.
   XIII.)
   "The exploration of Boone in 1769 and Knox in
   .70         -lyr henes considered worthy of
   notice." (Collins' History of Kentucky, V.Io. 1,
   p. 248.)
(b) International Enclyclopedia, Vol. 13, p. 182.
(c) Wilson, Vol. 1, p. LXXXIIII.
(d) Bancroft, Vol. 6, p. 222.
(e) Bancroft, Vol. 6, p. 350.
(f) Spark's Washington, Vol. 1, p. 408.

 


    It is readily seen that a disposition had de-
veloped in the Colonies which invited trouble
the moment a narrow-minded despot sought to
hold the reins of control over the colonies with
too tight a hand. This state of mind, after the
successful revolt of the Colonies, intensified by
the ordeal of war, threatened to render abortive
all attempts to form a National Government and
to wreck it after it was formed.

    A better idea might be formed of the un-
settled state of affairs when it is recalled that as
late as 1804 the Burr expedition was organized
in this locality giving some anxiety to the au-
thorities. It is doubtful if it ever will be known
what was the real object of the venture, but the
loose ties of allegiance which held the early
settlers to the Federal Government gave occasion
in certain quarters to a great deal of uneasiness.
The general opinion entertained of the organizcr
of the expidition by no means helped to allav a
feeling of uneasiness. It is significant of the pre-
carious character of the period that Aaron Burr,
who organzied this expedition missed securing
the office of President of the United States by
a narrow margin.

   In this connection it seemed appropriate to
review the dangers that were menacing the newly
formed Government of the United States.

   There was solicitude concerning suspected
British intrigues to alienate from their allegiance
the people of Kentucky, who were apprehensive
about the free navigation of the Mississippi
River. "Affairs in the western country wore an
unfavorable aspect. The people of Kentucky
were looking with a great deal of solicitude to
the result of the pending negotiation respecting
the navigation of the Mississippi and it would
seem that the British at the North thought that
this was a good opportunity to tempt them with
secret propositions and to try the strength of
their fidelity; and the Spaniards of the South
were equally ready to scatter the seed of dis-
affection and to encourage in the inhabitants of
the West a separation from the Federal Govern-
ment."
   The following observations of Washington



indicated the feeling of apprehension that posses-
sed him respecting the future of the Western
Country. "There is nothing which binds one
country or one state to another but interest.
Without this cement the Western inhabitants,
who more than probably will be composed in a
great degree of foreigners, can have no predi-
lection for us, and a commercial connection is
the only tie we can have upon them." (a)

    The possibility of a new political division
being created that might prove a thorn in the
side of the American Government is here clearly
set forth. New arrivals from Europe could have
no tradition in common with the earlier settlers,
and in many cases not even racial ties; but the
attachment to the principle of a free Government
was not at that time sufficiently realized. The
forecast was more gloomy than the facts war-
ranted. The principle of the free representative
Government was a leaven that had already be-
gun to wo;k and in time was destined to make
its influence felt among peoples and nations
where the idea at that time was hardly known.

   While powerful European Governments were
playing a game of political intrigue, in which at
a later period the infant Hercules of the West
took a hand, the vast undeveloped territories
of the New World being the stakes, an incident
occurred, quite as amusing as it was pathetic,
which recalled to mind the aborigine despoiled
of his birth-right. An explorer by the name of
Gist went over the Alleghanies in 1751 on a
tour of discovery for the Ohio Company. He
met an Indian who said that their great men,
The Beaver, and Captain Appamaquish (two
chiefs of the Delawares) desired to know where
the Indian land lay, for the French claimed all
on one side of the Ohio and the English on the
other. The savage was considered quite as ser-
(a) "Stated on good authority that if Kentucky
   would form an independent commonwealth, it
   light hab  e special privileges from Spain on the
   MississIppi River." (Collins History of Ken-
   tucky, p. 37.)
   Col. Marshall was decided and uncompromis-
   ing in his opposition to separation. (Collins'
   History of Kentucky, Vol. 1., p. 269.
   Spark's Washington, Vol. 9, p. 473. See also
   letter to H. Innes.
   See also letter to R. H. Lee relative to com-
   mer(e- on the Mississippi. (Spark's Washington.
   Vol. 9, p. 119.)


 





























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-0AARON BURR 0

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iously as some wild beast, disturbed in its lair.
(a) The native had an undefined idea of his
rights without any conception of legal principles
which could reduce them to a certainty and pro-
vide a remedy for their violation. To continue
his mode of life would necessarily condemn vast
areas to the condition of a primeval wilderness
so that he might enjoy the pastime of the chase.
It would require a despotic authority like that
of William the Conquerer, sustained by the
power of a feudal state, to perpetuate this state
of things against the wishes of a civilized com-
munity. (b)

   If further evidence is essential to prove the
critical conditions that existed in this region, it
is sufficient again to refer to Washington's own
statement:   "The Western    States  (I speak
from my own observations) stand as it were
upon a pivot. The touch of a feather would
turn them any way. They have looked down
upon the Mississippi until the Spaniards, very
imprudently, I think, for themselves, threw diffi-
culties in their way." etc. (c)

(a) Neither the French nor the British seemed to
   regard the paramount rights of the aborigine
   any further than military policy might dictate.
   (Butler's History of Kentucky. intro.  XIX.)
(b) Thiry's Norman Conquest, V.I.
(c) Spark's Washington, Vol. 9, p. 63.
(d) This was 1785. Collin's History of Ken  ky.
   Vol. 2, p. 562.
(e) The story would not be complete without giv-
   ing some idea of the kind of neighbors the
   frontiersmen had to deal with. The following
   account given by Dr. Knight of the execution
   of Colonel Crawford, who, with himself was
   captured by the Indians, will serve as an illus-
   tration. "When we were come to the fire, the
   Colonel was stripped naked, ordered to sit
   down by the fire, and they beat him with sticks
   and their fists. - I  They then tied ropes to
   the top of a post about fifteen feet high, bound
   the Colonel's hands behind We back and
   fastened the rope to the ligature beLwen his
   wrists. The rope was long enough for him
   to sit down or walk around the post once or
   twice and return the same way. The Colonel
   then called to Girty and asked if they intended
   to burn him. Girty answered "Yes." The Col-
   onel said he would take it all patiently. Upon
   this, Captain Pipe, a Delaware Chief, made a
   speech to the Indians.  5 When the speech
   was finished they all yelled a hideous, and
   hearty assent to what had been said. The
   Indians then took up their guns and shot
   powder Into the Colonel s body, from his feet
   as far up as his neck,   They then crowded
   about him and to the best of my observation,
   cut off his ears, c. The fire was about six
   or seven yards from the post to which the Col-
   onel was tied; it was made of small hickory
   poles, burnt quite thru in the middle, each end
   of the poles remaining about six feet in length.
   Three or four Indians by turns would take up



    It is not difficult to understand why ri'ers
and navigable waters were the favorite means of
traveling in the old pioneer days; the scarcity
of roads of any kind, the dangers and privations
of the wilderness were serious obstacles. During
this period flat-bottom boats were employed on
the Ohio River to carry passengers and freight.
Wheeling, West Virginia, was often chosen as a
point of embarkation.   Precaution had to be
taken to guard against shots fired by an enemy
from the river banks.    For this purpose the
sides were constructed sufficiently high and
solid to serve as a protection against injury.

   Capt. Thomas Marshall made use of this
means of transportation going West.     Before
taking his departure, he was warned by a brother
of Simon Girty, the notorious out-law and rene-
gade, against a stratagem the Indians were likely
to make use of. (d) White captives were some-
times sent lo the river banks to implore help.
If the unsuspecting crew drew sufficiently near
the shore where the savages were lying in am-
bush, they were in danger of a murderous
attack. (e)

   individually one of these burning pieces of
   wood and apply it to his naked body, already
   burned black with Powder. These tormentors
   presented themselves on every side of him so
   that every way he ran around the post they
   met him with the burning fagots and Poles
   so that in a short time he had nothing but
   coals of fire and hot ashes to walk upon.
       Colonel Crawford, at this period of his
   sufferings, besought the Almighty to have
   mercy on his soul and spoke very low and
   bore his torments with the most manly forti-
   tude. He continued in all the extr mities of
   pain for one hour and three-quarters longer.
   as near as I can judge, when at last being
   almost spent, he lay down on his belly; they
   then scalped him, and repeatedly threw the
   scalp In my face telling me "that was my
   great Captain." Incidents of Border Life, p.
   134.
      This presents the terrible side of the Indian
   character. It is only fair to state that on a
   former occasion when a hostile move was con-
   templated against the savages, Colonel Craw-
   ford is said to have made the declaration that
   "no Indian was to be spared, friend or foe;
   every redman must die."    (J. M. Browne's
   Ora!ion. t'enennial Battle Blue Licks, p. 12.)
   ii, the l'arder of civi llzation where there could
   be no orderly administration of justice, the
   sav7age of the stone age gratified his love of
   revenge without restraint. With few excep-
   tions th' only change that had been wrought
   in his condition, since the time of LaSalle. whi.
   was the first white man to traverse the country
   from the Lakes to the Gulf, was the substitu-
   tion of the rifle, the steel tomahawk and the
   scalping knife in place of the crude Imple-
   ments he formerly used. Instances might be
   given to show the better side of his nature.
   but one could never be certain whether he was
   to deal with Dr. Jeckel or Mr. Hyde.

 


    The warning was given Capt. Thomas Mar-
shall in requittal of an act of kindness which he
performed for Simon Girty on a previous occa-
sion. During the French and Indian War an
English officer for some reason was going to
have Girty flogged but through Capt. Marshall's
interference the punishment was not irnfhcted.
Girty remembered the friendly act anew adopted
this means of returning the favor. A tho Girty
abandoned the association of his own People and
cast his lot among the savages, he p. oved that
he had one of the good qualities of the Indian
of remembering an act of kindness even though
he became more cruel and bloodthirsty in grati-
fying his revenge.

   The journey to Maysville or some place near
that locality where Capt. Marshall landed his
party was made without mishap. It was by no
means a pleasure excursion. A fusilade of bul-
lets indented the boat.  The trunk of a tree
served as a guide for the rudder, which rising
above the elevated sides of the flat-bottom boat
afforded considerable protection. This position
of danger was taken by Capt. Marshall and he
was very careful to keep the trunk between him-
self and the flying bullets, which proved a wise
precaution. It was discovered afterwards that
the trunk was riddled with bullets. (a)

   In addition to the dangers mentioned, for-
eign- agents were busy stirring up trouble
amongst the native population who were none
too steadfast in their allegiance to the new Nat-
ional Government.

   Organizations known as "Democratic Socie-
ties" which had been recently created were in
dose sympathy with the Jacobin Clubs of
France. Washington considered that these so-
cieties which were patronized by Genet, were for
the purpose of drawing a line between the People
and the Government. (b)
   It is credibly stated that upon his arrival he
planned an expedition against the Floridas and
another against Louisiana, the latter to be car-
ried on from the western part of the United
States. It was reported on good authority that
the principal officers were engaged for the
futherance of this project. "The Temper of the



people inhabiting the western country was such
as to furnish some grounds for apprehension
that the restraints, which the executive was
capable of imposing, would be found too feeble
to prevent the execution of the plan." (c) "The
Governor of Kentucky was requested to co-
operate to frustrate this improper application of
the military resources of the state." (d)

   "It would have been difficult to find a part
of the United States in which anti-federal pas-
sions blazed more fiercely than in Kentucky.
The French emissaries found their project re-
received with the warmest favor." (e)

   The authority of the Federal Government
rested upon such a flimsy foundation that at-
tempts were made to ignore its existence, both
through domestic disaffection and unscrupulous
foreign agents. The Whiskey Rebellion in Penn-
sylvania in opposition to collecting the excise
tax and the discontent in Kentucky and else-
where for a similar reason manifested the law-
less spirit that arose in opposition to the exercise
of Federal authority.    When open rebellion
against the enforcement of the law had subsided
the illicit manufacture of spirits under condi-
tions of secrecy had enriched their vocabulary
with the descriptive expression of "Moonshine."
This industry has been attended with violence
and lawlessness from its inception and many a
grewsome tragedy has served to keep alive its
unsavory tradition.
   The imposition of a tariff to supply the
(a) Concerning firing on Boats, see N. J. Historical
   Society. Vol. 4, p. 114.
(b) Spark's Washington, Vol. 10, p. 438.
   There was a considerable element of the Amer.
   ican people who were consistent in their fricod-
   ship for France. This attachment dated back
   to the days when the French Monarchy sent
   its fleet and army to battle for American in-
   dependence. This friendship abated none of
   its constancy to France thru all of her kaleid-
   oscopic changes.
(c) "Two circumstances occurred which tended to
   create unfavorable Impressions in Kentucky
   toward the Government of the Union. One
   was the utter inability of Congress to protect
   them from the Northwestern tribes by com-
   pelling the surrender of the posts or otherwise;
   the other was the tendency of Congress to
   surrender the rights to navigate the Missis-
   sippi to the Ocean." (Collins History, Vol. 1,
   p. 261.t)
(d) Marshall's Washingtotj. Vol. 5. p. 435.
   Collins' History of Kentucky, Vol. 3, p. 277..
(e) Colllhs' History, of Kentucky. Vol. 2, p. 48.


 










































































TORTURE OF COLONEL CRAWFORD BY THE INDIANS

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CAPTAIN THOMAS MARSHALL IN A FIGHT IN A FLAT-BOTTOM BOAT

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Government with means to operate was a skill-
ful device which made it possible to hold the
reins of government without those subject to its
authority being too conscious of the fact and be-
coming restive under the curb.

   When Cornwallis struck his colors at York-
town the difficulties that stood in the way of
forming a new Government destined to take its
place among the Nations of the Earth were by
no means overcome. In fact, the very act of
removing the common danger which the war
with the Mother Country created seemed to oper-
ate as a dissolvent of the enforced unity of the
several colonies. The occasion of unity did not
arise from within except so far as mutual re-
sentiment against outside interference with
domestic concerns might be so considered.

   The travail of the long struggle with the
Mother Country had brought into existence a
new Nation, but it was doubtful whether it
was not a still birth. No National life or spirit
seemed to animate the masses and the antago