xt7c2f7jqf9m https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7c2f7jqf9m/data/mets.xml Wilson, Samuel Tyndale, 1858- 1914  books b92f210w7622009 English Literature department, Presbyterian home missions. : New York, Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. --Missions. Appalachians (People). Appalachian Region, Southern. The southern mountaineers. text The southern mountaineers. 1914 2009 true xt7c2f7jqf9m section xt7c2f7jqf9m 
THE SOUTHERN MOUNTAINEERS

SAMUEL TYNDALE WILSON

D.D.

  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
rom "Frye's Geography.''

By courtesy of Ginn & Co., Boston.

T he Southern Appalachians.

  
THE

SOUTHERN

MOUNTAINEERS

BY

SAMUEL

TYNDALE
AND

WILSON,
COLLEGE OF T E N N E S S E E

D.D.

P RESIDENT OF M A R Y V I L L E S TATED C L E R K OF T H E SYNOD

L ITERATURE DEPARTMENT P RESBYTERIAN H O M E MISSIONS 156 FIFTH A V E N U E , N E W Y O R K 1914 C ITY

  
  
FOREWORD T H E field o f the A m e r i c a n C h u r c h e xtends o v e r o u r e ntire l a n d . t he W e s t . It includes city, t o w n , v i l l a g e , a n d c o u n Every d i v i s i o n o f this w i d e field No is i n other t r y , t h r o u g h o u t the N o r t h , the S o u t h , the E a s t , a n d tensely i n t e r e s t i n g to the l o y a l C h r i s t i a n .

p a r t o f the field a ppeals t o the heart w i t h m o r e r o m a n t i c interest t h a n d oes t hat i n c l u d e d i n the s o u t h e r n Appalachians. I n this l i t t l e b o o k the s t o r y of the been occato the southern mountaineers is t o l d b y one w h o has

a l l h is l i f e t i m e identified w i t h t h e m , a n d l oves t h e m , a n d has been t h e i r r e a d y c h a m p i o n w h e n e v e r s i o n o ffered. authoritatively and sympathetically presented T h e B o a r d is g l a d to h a v e t he s t o r y so

C h u r c h a t l a r g e .     F I R S T E DITION, 1 906.

  
  
REVISION THE B o a r d of H o m e M i s s i o n s has t a k e n advan-

tage o f the c a l l f o r a f o u r t h e d i t i o n o f " T h e S o u t h e r n M o u n t a i n e e r s " t o ask the a u t h o r t o r e v i s e the b o o k i n o r d e r to i n c o r p o r a t e i n it the results o f the census of 1 910, a n d a statement o f the c hanges t hat have years. ret a k e n place i n the m o u n t a i n field a n d i n the w o r k of o u r c h u r c h i n that field d u r i n g the past eight I n c o m p l i a n c e w i t h t h i s request, the a u t h o r has w r i t ten i n t o the present r e v i s e d e d i t i o n the matters t i n u e d s t u d y o f the g e n e r a l subject i n v o l v e d . The value of the r e v i s e d e d i t i o n has, by the generous moreover, permission b een g r e a t l y increased f e r r e d t o, together w i t h the results o f his o w n c o n -

a c c o r d e d the a u t h o r b y M r . J o h n C . C a m p b e l l , Secret a r y o f the S o u t h e r n H i g h l a n d D i v i s i o n o f the S a g e F o u n d a t i o n , t o m a k e free use o f the facts a n d stat i s t i c a l d a t a o f his u n p u b l i s h e d study o f the S o u t h e r n H i g h l a n d region. T h e personal, thorough-going, and s c h o l a r l y i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f the s o u t h e r n m o u n t a i n p r o b l e m t hat M r . C a m p b e l l has been c a r r y i n g f o r w a r d u n d e r the auspices o f the S a g e F o u n d a t i o n d u r i n g the p ast s i x years is the m o s t i m p o r t a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n yet made f acts to a n e x a c t a n d scientific k n o w l e d g e vii of the i n v o l v e d i n that p r o b l e m . T h e p r i n c i p a l use

  
viii

REVISION

h ere m a d e o f the m a t e r i a l embodied i n the s t u d y has b een i n f u r t h e r i l l u s t r a t i o n o f the c o n c l u s i o n s reached i n t he f o r m e r e d i t i o n . I n one i m p o r t a n t p a r t i c u l a r , letterconclusions; h owever, the a u t h o r has changed his f o r m e r press t o c o n f o r m w i t h M r . C a m p b e l l ' s t he S o u t h e r n A p p a l a c h i a n P r o v i n c e . T h e B o a r d of H o m e M i s s i o n s e xpresses i ts h e a r t y a nd grateful appreciation of the courtesy his the who of Mr. C a m p b e l l , a n d is g l a d to be a l l o w e d to g i v e a d v a n c e c u r r e n c y to s ome o f the c o n c l u s i o n s o f making f riends s tudy. The Board also thanks i n o u r o w n a n d other churches epochmany have

n amely, he has adopted the l a r g e r b o u n d s assigned to

u sed and often generously c o m m e n d e d " T H E S O U T H ERN M OUNTAINEERS." I t is h o p e d that this r e v i s e d e dition a lso w i l l b e u s e f u l i n g u i d i n g C h r i s t i a n p a t r i o t s i n t heir study o f the s o u t h e r n h i g h l a n d e r s .

  
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE

I. T H E S O U T H E R N A P P A L A C H I A N S . ROCKY M O U N TAIN SYSTEM   APPALACHIAN M O U N T A I N SYSTEM    N O R T H E R N APPALACHIANS   SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS     T H E I R E X T E N T     S C E N E R Y     C L I M A T E        P RODUCTS AND RESOURCES   POPULATION   SECLUSION . . . n. T H E SOUTHERN MOUNTAINEERS. A COMPOSITE S T O C K     P R I N C I P A L L Y S C O T C H - I R I S H     O T H E R STRAINS     S C O T C H - I R I S H E V O L U T I O N     " T R A N S P L A N T A T I O N OP U L S T E R "     LONDONDERRY PATRONYMICS     R O O S E VELT'S T R I B U T E     A VIRILE L I N E A G E     R A C E REGISTRY     T H R E E C L A S S E S OP M O U N T A I N E E R S : (1) C L A S S O N E IS H E L P I N G     ( 2 ) CLASS T W O W I L L H E L P     ( 8 ) CLASS THREE NEEDS HELP   MODIFICATIONS OF THESE C L A S S E S     M A N Y M E N OF M A N Y K I N D S     " M O U N T A I N E E R S , " NOT " M O U N T A I N W H I T E S "

1

11

III.

T H E SERVICE OF T H E MOUNTAINEERS. THE NATION'S FRONTIERSMEN   ESTABLISHED CHRISTIANITY, P R O T E S T A N T I S M , D E M O C R A C Y , C I V I L G O V E R N M E N T , A N D E D U C A T I O N     S E R V I C E TO T H E N A T I O N     SHARE IN T H E R E V O L U T I O N     K I N G S MOUNTAIN    S ONS, D A U G H T E R S O F T H E R E V O L U T I O N     W A R O F 1812 A N D M E X I C A N W A R     C I V I L W A R     S P A N I S H - A M E R I C A N J]"'' W A R     S E R V I C E O F E M I G R A N T S A N D I NDIVIDUALS . . 26
5

IV.

T H E APPALACHIAN PROBLEM. DIXIE'S TWO PROBLEMS     B L A C K PROBLEM     W H I T E PROBLEM     P R O B L E M A N D ITS P E C U L I A R I T I E S : (1) A M E R I C A N , (2) P R O T E S T A N T , ( 3) W H I T E , (4) C O U N T R Y , (5) V A R I E D A N D C O M P L E X , (6) D E L I C A T E     W A N T E D , T A C T A N D 'MISSIONARIES"   (7) MORE TACT   NOT WANTED, URGENT BEING. HUNTING

'ffj 42

V. T H E M O U N T A I N E E R S ' REASON FOR H ow T H E Y BECAME MOUNTAINEERS: (1)

ix

  
CONTENTS
A N D FISHING A T T H A C T I V E     ( 2 ) O N L Y L A N D A V A I L A B L E    (3) F E W " O U T L A W S "     ( 4 ) I N F L U E N C E OF SLAVERY    (5) MOUNTAIN F E C U N D I T Y     W H Y R E M A I N IN M O U N TAINS? (1) F E W D O M I G R A T E     ( 2 ) I N E R T I A H I N D E R S     ( 3 ) L O C A L A T T A C H M E N T     ( 4 ) AMBITION D O R M A N T     ( 5) T IMIDITY D O M I N A N T     ( 0 ) P R E C E D E N T L A C K I N G     (7) P O V E R T Y P R E V E N T S     S o , P O P U L O U S M O U N T A I N S .

54

V I. T H E P R O B L E M ' S R E A S O N F O R B E I N G .

PROBLEM

R E S T A T E D     S O M E In Statu Quo Ante   REASONS F OR PROBLEM: ( 1) L A C K O F L I V E N E I G H B O R S     ( 2 ) O F V A R I E D S O C I E T Y     ( 3 ) O F I N C E N T I V E TO L A B O R     ( 4 ) O F T R A D E     ( 5 ) O F M E A N S OF COMMUNICATION   (6) O F M O N E Y     ( 7 ) O F S C H O O L S     E D U C A T I O N A L STATISTICS   (8) O F B O O K S     ( 9 ) O F E D U C A T E D L E A D E R S     MORMONISM   DEVOLUTION VERSUS EVOLUTION . . VII. PIONEER PRESBYTERIANISM A N D T H E PROB^ LEM. P RESBYTERIANS W E R E DOMINANT   PRESBYTERIANS WERE ACTIVE     FOUNDED CHURCHES     FOUNDED SCHOOLS   FOUNDED C O L L E G E S     H E L P E D FOUND S T A T E     A N D W E R E SUCCESSFUL.   AND THEIR W O R K ABIDES

65

79

V III. L A T E R

PRESBYTERIANISM

AND

THE

PROB-

LEM. C A U S E S OF PRESBYTERIANISM'S P A R T I A L F A I L U R E : (1) D E C A Y O F E D U C A T I O N     ( 2 ) T E R R I T O R Y T O O V A S T     ( 3 ) MINISTERS T O O F E W     ( 4 ) No MISSION BOARDS   (5) M A N Y MINISTERS W E N T WEST   BUT WORKERS D I D T H E I R U T M O S T     S O U T H E R N AND W E S T E R N T H E O L O G I C A L S E M I N A R Y     ( 6 ) D IVISIONS O F P R E S BYTERIANISM   OTHER DENOMINATIONS   SOME UNCHURCHED N E I G H B O R H O O D S     T H E P O S T - P R E S B Y T E R I A N AGE . . . . .

86

I X. P R E S E N T - D A Y

PRESBYTERIANISM

AND

THE

P R O B L E M . H ow S O L V E P R O B L E M ? (1) B Y D E V E L OPMENT O F ECONOMIC L I F E     ( 2 ) B Y P E R F E C T I N G O F PUBLIC SCHOOLS   (3) B Y M U L T I P L Y I N G OF UPLIFT A G E N C I E S     W H A T IS T H E M I S S I O N O F O U R C H U R C H ? ( 1) T o P R E A C H TO E V E R Y C R E A T U R E     ( 2 ) T o DISCHARGE D E B T TO B R E T H R E N     ( 3 ) T o H E L P O T H E R DENOMINATIONS   (4) To EMPLOY U S U A L M E T H O D S     ( 5) B U T , PRINCIPALLY, TO E D U C A T E     S U P P L E M E N T I N G STATE EDUCATION   EDUCATION T H E O P E N S E S A M E    

  
CONTENTS
C HAPTER

.XI

PAGE EDUCATE THE LEADERS   WITH EDUCATION WIDEV I S I O N E D     A N D P A T D E B T TO O T H E R C H U R C H E S     A N D S T I M U L A T E T H E M TO S IMILAR E D U C A T I O N A L WORK-   THUS, M O R E LIGHT 96

X.

T H E DAY-SCHOOLS AND SMALLER COMMUN I T Y C E N T E R S . A N O T A B L E UPLIFT S Y S T E M     A N D N O T A B L E BUILDERS T H E R E O F     A N ADJUSTING UPLIFT S Y S T E M     T H E C E N T E R , ITS G E N E S I S     C O N D I T I O N S O F THE RENAISSANCE: (1) A M O D E L H O M E     ( 2 ) T H E WORKERS' CONSECRATED L I V E S     ( 3 ) T H E O P E N B O O K WORLD   -(4) TRAINING I N H O M E - M A K I N G     ( 5 ) INDUSTRIAL T R A I N I N G     ( 6 ) C OMMUNITY W E L F A R E C A M PAIGNS   (7) B I B L E S T U D Y     ( 8 ) M O R A L AND RELIGIOUS TRAINING   RESULTS: (1) COMMUNITY A R O U S E D     ( 2 ) OLD PEOPLE HELPED   (3) YOUNG PEOPLE TRANSFORMED   (4) USUALLY, CHURCH E S T A B L I S H E D     T E S TIMONY O F A V I S I T O R     S T A T I S T I C S . . . . T H E BOARDING-SCHOOLS AND LARGER COMM U N I T Y C E N T E R S . T H E STRATEGIC COUNTY SEAT     P R E S B Y T E R I A L ACADEMIES   ACADEMIES AND BOARDING-SCHOOLS   WORTHY OF T H E K I R K OF KNOX    POLICY AND P U R P O S E     S E R V I C E R E N D E R E D     F U T U R E SERVICE   TWOFOLD EQUIPMENT   GIRLS N E E D H E L P M O S T     T H E C O L L E G E S OF T H E S Y N O D S     S T O C K D A L E MEMORIAL   PIKEVILLE COLLEGE   WITHERSPOON COLL E G E     H A R L A N INDUSTRIAL   LANGDON MEMORIAL.    MOSSOP M E M O R I A L     H A R O L D M C C O R M I C K S C H O O L     FAVORED OLD NORTH STATE   DORLAND INSTITUTE    B E L L INSTITUTE   BURNSVILLE ACADEMY   LAURA SUNDERLAND M E M O R I A L     A S H E V I L L E SCHOOLS   WHERE THE GRADUATES G O T H E ASHEVILLE SCHOOLS. IDEAL LOCATIONRICH INVESTMENT:   FOURFOLD OBJECT   (1) THE PEASE MEMORIAL H O U S E     L I T T L E P E O P L E     L A R G E W O R K     ( 2 ) T H E H O M E INDUSTRIAL S C H O O L : THE HAND OF P R O V I D E N C E     T H E D E V O T I O N OF T H E F O U N D E R S     T H E S C O P E O F T H E S C H O O L     T H E SUPPORT O F T H E S C H O O L     ( 3 ) T H E F A R M S C H O O L : ITS D E V E L O P MENT   ITS DESIGN   ITS RICH FRUITAGE   (4) T H E NORMAL AND COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE: " T H E KEYSTONE S C H O O L "     I T S PLANT   ITS CLIENTAGE   ITS T E A C H E R S     I T S COURSES OF S T U D Y     " H O M E - M A K I N G "    RELIGIOUS L I F E     T H E OUTCOME

109

XL

123

XII.

140

  
xii
C HAPTER XIII.

CONTENTS
PAGE APPALACHIAN POWER. P R O B L E M , P O W E R , PROMISE    "POWER" A POPULAR T H E M E     M O U N T A I N S A R E POWER-PLANTS     APPALACHIAN POWER     NATURAL POWER   WATER POWER   STEAM POWER   MINERAL RESOURCES   TIMBER SUPPLY   FARM PRODUCTS   VIT A L E N E R G Y     V A S T E X T E N T O F T HIS P O W E R     A B O V E A L L , HUMAN P O W E R     I N N U M B E R S     I N UNITY IN V A R I E T Y     I N STRENGTH OF R A C E     I N STRENGTH OF B O D Y     I N STRENGTH OF M I N D     I N P U R E A M E R I C A N I S M     I N S PIRIT O F I N D E P E N D E N C E     I N F E R V E N T P A TRIOTISM     IN STURDY P R O T E S T A N T I S M     I N STRONG R ELIGIOUS N A T U R E     I N SIMPLE F A I T H     I N S T R O N G W I L L     I N SUPREME SELF-CONFIDENCE   THIS POWER PENT-UP   AND MUST BE RELEASED . . . . 152 APPALACHIAN PROMISE. A FOURFOLD PROMISE    ( 1) N A T U R A L P O W E R D E V E L O P E D     E N R I C H I N G A P P A LAcniA     ENRICHING A M E R I C A     ( 2 ) M A N H O O D : H U M A N POWER D E V E L O P E D     B Y M A T E R I A L PROGRESS   BY EDUCATIONAL A D V A N C E     ( 3 ) CHRISTIAN: RELIGIOUS P R O B L E M S O L V E D     G O D ' S L O V E F OR M O U N T A I N S     N o I RREMEDIABLE E V I L S     W H A T P R E V E N T S W I L L R E M E D Y     W H A T SLEEPS W I L L A W A K E     R A P I D REHABILITAT I O N     R E A D Y ASSIMILATION     ASSISTANCE FROM W I T H O U T     D E V E L O P M E N T F ROM W I T H I N     { 4 ) NATIONAL: F U T U R E NATION-WIDE S E R V I C E     H O M E GUARDS FOR A P P A L A C H I A     R E I N F O R C E M E N T S F OR A M E R I C A     C O N TRIBUTING SOCIAL S E R V I C E     P R O H I B I T I O N A P P A L A C H I A     H E R O I C FIGHTING   VICTORIOUS FIGHTING   FIGHTING B L O O D     C O N T R I B U T I N G CHRISTIAN F A I T H     C O N TRIBUTING C H R I S T I A N W O R K E R S     CONTRIBUTING C HRISTIAN R E S E R V E S     I N T H E N I C K O F T I M E     K E P T F OR T H E M A S T E R ' S U S E     I N S P I R I N G V I E W     P R O B L E M VERSUS POWER AND P R O M I S E     T H E APPALACHIAN P ROVIDENCE 1 72

XIV.

APPENDIX. STATISTICAL T A B L E S O F T H E P R E S B Y T E R I A N ( U . S . A . ) S CHOOL A ND C OMMUNITY W O R K I N T H E SYNODS O F K E N T U C K Y , T E N N E S S E E , A N D W E S T V IRGINIA F OR T H E Y E A R 1 913; A N D OF T H E S A B B A T H - S C H O O L D E P A R T M E N T O F T H E B O A R D O F P UBLICATION A N D S A B B A T H - S C H O O L W O R K ; A N D O F T H E R E G U L A R C H U R C H W O R K F OR 1913 197

  
LIST

O F ILLUSTRATIONS Frontispiece O PPOSITE P A G E

T H E SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS

T H E H I L L S OF H E A V E N AND T H E H I L L S OF E A R T H M E N OF T H E MOUNTAINS

.

.

.

.

6 18

A G R A N D M O T H E R W H O W A N T E D A S C H O O L FOR H E R P E O P L E A MOUNTAIN H O M E HITTING T H E T R A I L " T H E KNOBS" T H E ELIZABETH BOYD MEMORIAL, OAKLAND HEIGHTS TERIAN C H U R C H , A S H E V I L L E , N . C W H E R E P R E S B Y T E R I A N W O R K F OR S O U T H E R N B E G A N IN 1879 O N T H E W A Y TO V I S I T P U P I L S ' H O M E S SCHOOL AND T E A C H E R S ' H O M E , J E W E T T , T E N N E S S E E T H E D O H L A N D I N S T I T U T E , H O T S PRINGS, N . C T H E L A U R A SUNDERLAND M E M O R I A L SCHOOL T H E A S H E V I L L E H O M E SCHOOL . .

.

34 48 62 72

PRESBY82

MOUNTAINEERS 90 102 . 1 14 128 1 36 1 44

T H E N O R M A L A N D C O L L E G I A T E I N S T I T U T E , A S H E V I L L E , N . C . . 148 T H E A S H E V I L L E F A R M S C H O O L FOR B O Y S M ISSIONARY H O M E A N D C H U R C H , J A R R O L D ' S V A L L E Y , W . V A . "THE WILLOWS," T H E BOYS' H O M E AT DORLAND 158 . 1 68

INSTITUTE, 192

H O T S PRINGS, N . C

  
  
T h e Southern M o u n t a i n e e r s
CHAPTER I

T H E S OUTHERN A P P A L A C H I A N S R E L I E F m a p s o f the U n i t e d S tates s h o w t w o tensive mountain and systems traversing on lines the northward southward ex-

country

approximately

p a r a l l e l t o the M i s s i s s i p p i R i v e r . I n t he W e s t the g reat R o c k y M o u n t a i n s a n d the S i e r r a s l i f t e leven s tates t o their o w n l o f t y e l e v a t i o n , T he R o c k y M o u n t a i n S ystem s tates. a n d t o a large populations extent decide the the c h a r a c t e r of the i n d u s t r i e s o f that occupy

those

T h e course o f e m p i r e has p u s h e d i r r e s i s t i b l y

i nto, a m o n g , a n d o v e r t hese m o u n t a i n s , u n t i l n o w a l m o s t e v e r y n o o k o f t h e m has been o c c u p i e d i n the i n terests o f m i n i n g , l u m b e r i n g , c a t t l e - r a i s i n g , f a r m i n g , manufacturing, Daniel Webster a n d health-seeking. once referred That to w h i c h as a contemptuously

d esert has c o m e to be r e g a r d e d b y the w o r l d as a n e xhaustless storehouse o f w e a l t h a n d health. I n t he E a s t , c o r r e s p o n d i n g to the R o c k i e s o f W e s t , there stretches another less m a s s i v e and the yet

  
2

THE SOUTHERN

MOUNTAINEERS

v e r y noble m o u n t a i n system, the w o r t h y c o u n t e r p a r t o f t he sister system o f the O c c i d e n t . W h i l e second to t he R o c k y M o u n t a i n s , the A p p a The A p p a l a c h i a n i h i a n s are n o t second to the A l M o u n t a i n S ystem . , T? n, p me system o f E u r o p e , f o r the
ac    c J

s outhern A p p a l a c h i a n s alone have a greater area t h a n h ave the A l p s . Geologists find t he g enesis o f the sysNewfoundland, 175,000 tem as f a r northeast as the h ills o f

a nd i ts exodus a m o n g the h i l l s o f n o r t h e r n A l a b a m a . W i t h i n i ts l i m i t s the system embraces a b o u t s quare miles of m o u n t a i n t e r r i t o r y as against 9 80,000 i n c l u d e d i n the R o c k y M o u n t a i n system, e x c l u s i v e o f t he S i e r r a s . I n t he early h i s t o r y of o u r c o u n t r y the A p p a l a c h i a n s w e r e l o o k e d u p o n as the n a t u r a l w e s t e r n l i m i t o f the c o u n t r y and the s unsetward. formidable enemy of all progress A s p o p u l a t i o n increased, h o w e v e r , m o u n established utilized, until

tain p asses w ere d i s c o v e r e d a n d h i g h w a y s and natural and artificial waterways

t he A l l e g h e n y b a r r i e r s became o n l y a difficulty to be o vercome and a t e m p o r a r y h i n d r a n c e to p r e d e s t i n e d a dvance. E r e l o n g the m o u n t a i n s came to be i g n o r e d a s soon as p a s s e d ; w h e n r a i l r o a d s c o m p l e t e d the v i c t o r y o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d m a d e e asy t he p assage o f t hese A m e r i c a n A l p s , the people a l m o s t t o be. forgot the m ountains, a n d , to a l l intents, the A l l e g h e n i e s ceased

T h e R o c k y M o u n t a i n s assumed, i n t h e i r t u r n ,

t he place of dread a n d i m p o r t a n c e , but the A p p a l a c h ians, i n slighted state, reigned on i n t h e i r silence a n d i solation, a w a i t i n g the t i m e o f their r e d i s c o v e r y .

  
THE

SOUTHERN

APPALACHIANS

3 or

T h e n o r t h e r n A p p a l a c h i a n s are not so c o m p a c t

c ontinuous o r extensive as are t h e i r s o u t h e r n s i s t e r s ; c onsequently, since they d i d not so T he N o r t h e r n . s e r i o u s l y b a r the p r o g r e s s o f w estAppalachians w a r d e m i g r a t i o n , they w e r e n ot so m u c h d readed, much ignored. nor, when conquered, w e r e t hey f o r the of so T h e i r p o p u l a t i o n was The most the conthe

p a r t a s s i m i l a t e d into the e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l l i f e o f t he s u r r o u n d i n g c o u n t r y . tributed largely development of society c o a l i n d u s t r y i n the P e n n s y l v a n i a n A l l e g h e n i e s to t h e v i c t o r y over

m o u n t a i n s , a n d even f o u n d e d a m o n g t h e m m a n y i m p o r t a n t a n d p r o s p e r o u s cities. The Green Mountains, Allet he W h i t e M o u n t a i n s , the A d i r o n d a c k s , the C a t s k i l l s , t he H u d s o n H i g h l a n d s , l i k e the P e n n s y l v a n i a n ghenies, are i n social, economic, and political life health-seekers, with Appa-

e ither p a r t a n d p a r c e l o f the c o m m o n w e a l t h s i n w h i c h t hey lie, o r a r e so m u c h o v e r r u n b y p leasure-hunters, a n d w e a l t h - e x p l o i t e r s as to be p e r force l a r g e l y identified i n c u l t u r e a n d interests t he t e r r i t o r y contiguous to t h e m . The problems presented by the northern lachians h a v e b een i n the m a i n s a t i s f a c t o r i l y solved b y t he people of the s tates i n w h i c h the m o u n t a i n s l i e ; t h o u g h here a n d there r e t a r d e d c o m m u n i t i e s s t i l l e x ist, g o o d schools a n d the other a gents o f c i v i l i z a t i o n h a v e i n the m a i n e q u a l i z e d the c u l t u r e o f t hese s ections w i t h that of the surrounding territory. n a t u r a l l y attract much The atm o u n t a i n s i n themselves

tention, b e i n g located, as they are, so near the g reat

  
4

THE SOUTHERN

MOUNTAINEERS

c enters o f p o p u l a t i o n .

T h e r e is even a n A p p a l a c h i a n of

M o u n t a i n C l u b , o r g a n i z e d i n the p a t r i o t i c cycle

1 876, to preserve the m o u n t a i n forests a n d resorts, to p r o v i d e accurate maps, a n d to p u b l i s h scientific data r especting the n o r t h e r n A p p a l a c h i a n s . T h e A p p a l a c h i a n s south o f M a s o n a n d D i x o n ' s line e xtend f r o m the southern b o r d e r o f P e n n s y l v a n i a to T he Southern Appalachians v alleys t he n o r t h e r n counties and Alabama. They The of Georgia the they include region

m o u n t a i n m asses a n d the enclosed

and c oves o f n i n e s tates.

o ccupy is a p p r o x i m a t e l y s i x h u n d r e d m i l e s l o n g a n d t w o h u n d r e d miles w i d e . t u r n i nto three follows: It m a y be s u b d i v i d e d i n M r . Campbell, of the belts, w h i c h

S age F o u n d a t i o n , bounds a n d names s u b s t a n t i a l l y as ( 1 ) T h e eastern belt is the B l u e R i d g e belt, depresSysthe w h i c h i ncludes the m o u n t a i n r anges t hat lie between t he P i e d m o n t P l a t e a u a n d the g reat c e n t r a l tem. (2) The sion o f the S o u t h e r n A p p a l a c h i a n P r o v i n c e o r Greater Appalachian Valley, or

V a l l e y - R i d g e belt, is the g reat c e n t r a l d e p r e s s i o n l y i n g b etween, the B l u e R i d g e belt o n the southeast, a n d the A l l e g h e n y - C u m b e r l a n d belt o n the northeast. (3) The and centhe of w estern belt is the A l l e g h e n y - C u m b e r l a n d belt, p lateaus w h i c h lie between p lateau and the a f o r e m e n t i o n e d escarpment of the western boundary

i ncludes the A l l e g h e n y a n d C u m b e r l a n d m o u n t a i n s a n d t r a l d epression a n d the w e s t e r n Cumberland West Virginia. M r . C a m p b e l l has m a d e a c a r e f u l p e r s o n a l survey that o f the field, a n d has consulted w i t h the geologists

  
THE

SOUTHERN

APPALACHIANS

5 As

a re a u t h o r i t i e s r e g a r d i n g the A p p a l a c h i a n r e g i o n .

t he result o f his i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f a l l the f acts i n v o l v e d , h e i n c l u d e s i n the s o u t h e r n h i g h Their Extent .
l a n d s t w Q h u n d r e d a n d f o r t y

s even counties o f eight s tates, a s f o l l o w s : of western Virginia, f ifty-five of West

forty-two Virginia,

t h i r t y - s i x o f eastern K e n t u c k y , f o r t y - f i v e o f E a s t T e n nessee a n d o f the eastern p a r t o f M i d d l e T ennessee, t wenty-three o f w e s t e r n N o r t h C a r o l i n a , f o u r o f w este r n S o u t h C a r o l i n a , twenty-five o f n o r t h e r n G e o r g i a , a n d s eventeen o f n o r t h e r n A l a b a m a . I n v i e w o f the d e s c r i p t i o n o f the s o u t h e r n A p p a l a c h i a n s as g i v e n i n t he p r e c e d i n g p a r a g r a p h , it is necessary f o r us to a d d t he f o u r m o u n t a i n counties o f M a r y l a n d t o the t w o h u n d r e d a n d f o r t y - s e v e n counties e n u m e r a t e d t o consist o f t w o h u n d r e d a n d cated i n n i n e different s tates. two hundred and fifty-one fifty-one above. T h u s the field that w e a r e c o n s i d e r i n g m a y be s a i d counties l o T h e t o t a l area of t hese

counties is 1 10,412 s quare

m i l e s , o r about one t h i r d o f the t o t a l area o f the n i n e s tates i n w h i c h the r e g i o n l i e s ; a n d n e a r l y one f o u r t h t he a r e a o f the eleven S o u t h e r n s tates l y i n g e ast o f t he M i s s i s s i p p i R i v e r . T h i s area is m u c h l a r g e r t h a n t hat o f E n g l a n d , W a l e s , a n d S c o t l a n d c o m b i n e d ; o v e r h a l f a s l a r g e as either G e r m a n y or F r a n c e ; o v e r t w i c e a s large as the e m p i r e s tate o f N e w Y o r k ; a n d n e a r l y o ne t h i r d l a r g e r t h a n a l l N e w E n g l a n d together w i t h N e w Jersey and Delaware. I n d e e d this m o u n t a i n dom a i n o f the S o u t h is i m p e r i a l i n its d i m e n s i o n s . T h e scenery i n the A p p a l a c h i a n s is s u b l i m e i n the extreme. T h e m o u n t a i n s increase i n height as they

  
6

THE SOUTHERN

MOUNTAINEERS

f are s o u t h w a r d , u n t i l i n C a r o l i n a a n d T ennessee t hey t o w e r s i x thousand f eet h e a v e n w a r d . of T h e i r Scenery o f 6,711 p lateaus, them rise h i g h e r while Washington, About than the twenty Mount tragedysummits, e ndless

c r o w n e d head of M o u n t M i t c h e l l r eaches a n elevation f eet a bove t he sea. Their wooded an declivities, a n d g orges p resent

v a r i e t y of v i e w s t hat i n m a n y p laces r i v a l i n p i c t u r esqueness t hose s een i n the most f a m o u s o f m o u n t a i n r anges.
" The mountains like giants stand, T o sentinel the enchanted land."

T h e flora and the f a u n a o f the n o r t h e r n z one r iches. flourish

temperate

as i f i n a n a t i o n a l e x h i b i t o f a z one's

P e a k s a n d r anges, c liffs a n d c r a g s , c ascades

a nd waterfalls, l a u r e l g lade a n d f e r n brake, lie i n a g reat s ilence b r o k e n only b y the s o n g of m a n y b i r d s and the shrill s tridence of insistent insects. The c h a r m of the m o u n t a i n s enthralls m o r e a n d m o r e t hose v isitors that are f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e m , u n t i l a t l east s ome s ojourners c ircle would fain remain within their magic ozonerenders forever.

T h e climate is equable a n d i n v i g o r a t i n g , the laden a i r being a tonic that to the i n i t i a t e d _,.   ,. , T h e i r Climate

t he m o u n t a i n s a n i d e a l health-re    ... . . , , s ort. H e a l t h is i n e v e r y b reeze a n d of purest springs of freeT h e section is fitted to be M a n y d iseases y i e l d

g ushes f r o m thousands stone and m i n e r a l waters.

a p l a y g r o u n d a n d s a n i t a r i u m f o r a g reat n a t i o n , a n d e re l o n g w i l l s o be recognized.

  
  
  
THE

SOUTHERN

APPALACHIANS

7

t o the s a l u b r i o u s influences o f the a i r a n d w a t e r a n d q uiet. T h e c u l t i v a t e d sections i n the g reat a n d f e r t i l e v a l leys p r o d u c e l i b e r a l l y the u s u a l crops to be f o u n d i n TheirProducts a n d R esources y ields Fruits more flourish t he c e n t r a l s tates, t h e staples b e i n g
C Q r n a n d w h e a t T h e d

. mountain crops

.. sou, of

, sandy corn

, and

,. . . light,

reluctant

and

potatoes.

when cared for.

N o r t h C a r o l i n a apH o g s a n d cat-

ples are f a m o u s t h r o u g h o u t the S o u t h .

tle are p r o d u c e d i n l a r g e n u m b e r s ; a n d , w e r e i t n o t f o r s h e e p - k i l l i n g dogs, the section m i g h t be the g reatest s h e e p - r a i s i n g c o u n t r y i n the w o r l d . T h e n a t u r a l resources o f the A p p a l a c h i a n s a r e a l most limitless. incalculable. A k i n g ' s r a n s o m is i n every county, i f i t w e r e o n l y collected. T h e w a t e r p o w e r is almost

T h e forests are r i c h i n t i m b e r o f m a n y and other

v a r i e t i e s ; a n d the e a r t h is b u r s t i n g w i t h c o a l , i r o n , c opper, z i n c , salt, m i c a , lead, phosphate, minerals. i n e xhaustless store. M a r b l e a n d other b u i l d i n g s tones a re f o u n d T h e r e g i o n i n its scientific asand mineralo-

pect i s one o f richest interest to zoologist, e n t o m o l o gist, botanist, d e n d r o l o g i s t , geologist, a ttractiveness to the w i d e - a w a k e g i s t ; w h i l e i n a p r a c t i c a l w a y i t is o f m o s t a l l u r i n g prospector and i n vestor. T h e p o p u l a t i o n o f the r e g i o n is c o l l e c t i v e l y large, t h o u g h p o p u l a r l y supposed to be s m a l l . I n the t w o h u n d r e d a n d fifty-one counties that Their Population Appalachian
m a k e u p t h e s o u t h e r n

c o u n t r y , the c ensus e n u m e r a t o r s

f o u n d i n 1910

as

  
8

THE SOUTHERN

MOUNTAINEERS T h i s g r a n d t o t a l e xceeds population and of the Pacific called Wyoso California   and

m a n y as 5,280,243 people. by a million p eople the States   Washington,

Oregon,

d oubles that o f the R o c k y M o u n t a i n r e g i o n , t he eight commonwealths ming, Colorado, Nevada. New of M o n t a n a , Idaho,

t he M o u n t a i n D i v i s i o n b y the Census B u r e a u ; n a m e l y , Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and over

T h i s large a ggregate i s scattered

v ast a t e r r i t o r y that the a verage t o the square m i l e i s o n l y forty-seven, a fact that shows that the teemi n g m o u n t a i n s are, after a l l , a s o m e w h a t s p a r s e l y s ettled p art o f the U n i o n . s ection T h e u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n o f the s m a l l that i t d oes n ot The Rocky Mountain D i is so c o m p a r a t i v e l y

g reatly a ffect t he a verage.

v i s i o n w o u l d , h o w e v e r , i n c o m p a r i s o n seem to be a l m o s t u n i n h a b i t e d , f o r the a verage i n that r e g i o n is o n l y t hree to a square m i l e ! C ollected i n one body the mountaineers of the than S o u t h w o u l d m a k e one s tate s o m e w h a t O h i o , o r a s tate s omewhat combined. Rhode many O n the other and larger

smaller than I l l i n o i s ; or h a n d , it is i n t e r e s t i n g contain nearly to as

a c ity as large as G r e a t e r N e w Y o r k a n d P i t t s b u r g h n ote that the 1 4,555 s quare m i l e s o f Island, Connecticut inhabitants as do the southern Massachusetts, Appalachians than

w i t h t h e i r 1 10,412 s quare m i l e s , a n a r e a m o r e C onnecticut.

s even times that o f M a s s a c h u s e t t s , R h o d e I s l a n d , a n d T h e tide o f western e m i g r a t i o n , as has been s a i d , f lowed over the southern Appalachians, but ebbed

  
THE

SOUTHERN

APPALACHIANS

9

a w a y f r o m t h e m as the a d v a n c i n g flood flowed w estward. Domestic emigration and foreign immigration a l i k e p u s h e d o n t o w a r d the m a g i c T h e i r S eclusion i l W a r served also
W e g t T h e G v

t o d i v e r t a t t e n t i o n f r o m the m o u n t a i n r anges o f South. S o the n a t i o n w e n t o n about its t o i l a n d T h e southern mountains were incognita

the exfor

p a n s i o n , p r a c t i c a l l y o b l i v i o u s o f one o f its m o s t v a l u able possessions. a l o n g t i m e a l m o s t as m u c h a terra Lewis and Clark expedition. from t o the

A m e r i c a n p eople as w a s the f a r N o r t h w e s t b e f o r e the A n d a s the entire section rested i n seclusion

t he nation's k n o w l e d g e , so d i d each p a r t o f the p u r e l y m o u n t a i n r e g i o n l i v e i n p r a c t i c a l i s o l a t i o n f r o m the r est o f the section. T h e r e w e r e n o pikes o r w e l l - b u i l t There h i g h w a y s ; oftentimes o n l y b r i d l e - p a t h s l e d f r o m s ettlement to settlement o r f r o m c a b i n to c a b i n . a re a l m o s t no n a t u r a l lines o f t r a v e l o r Appalachians by navigable rivers and transportalakes. For

t i o n , s uch as are so l i b e r a l l y afforded i n the n o r t h e r n s everal h u n d r e d m i l e s n o r t h a n d south c rossed the m o u n