xt7cc24qkz2n https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7cc24qkz2n/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 1955 journals ky_farm_home_science_v1_8_num_3_1_2_fall_1955 English Lexington, KY : Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington. Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Kentucky farm and home science. Special progress report. v.1 n.2 fall 1955. text Kentucky farm and home science. Special progress report. v.1 n.2 fall 1955. 1955 2014 true xt7cc24qkz2n section xt7cc24qkz2n       »   V V       ’’’‘ xx; _   ·     A    
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  V P ` ` P " * "   Number 2 y
  P V n` A Fall `l95S
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-· ’ Issued quarterly by the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station
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1 gig I     D  i »1   . Farm Surpluses
     V ; A _ K   Q >-’` E  . `  * _ X ,
    ,iu       _y             ‘ P   Low-Cost Eggs
  by   ’   ` ~   .    - gi: _ A ‘   y
·`·l   V   ~   ‘ 9        . ’   . .
biplt    P   _   V    ..?.     · S yg U P Plastic Covering
‘ P oyoi C   ·isyi-           i·eo —         4#s·iss; P   C V     S S l
, S   n-»re’     9 _°         ,         Pasture for Saws
» { * y V    _ A V il   · .__'__ . traw errnes
_ E         'V,V         Parasites
  “`       ‘:<:·   ·.._ » ·   -.t;{ V t  
_ "`   · V »    ~   V             » ” Cucumber Pests
    S ‘’u  S   ii‘ j  ‘ _  M       1  e  
’ xg  _ W ·    VP V P V ~.       tny;_r 2 Johnson Grass
 K lfggd    
i     H  yi — 'vl   » V J 4.     lh? lv F?   .>__; \ l`
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Volume 1, Number 2 ............. · ....... Fall 1955 _  
A report of progress published quarterly by the Kentucky Agricultural  
Experiment Station, University of Kentucky, Lexington 4
FRANK ]. YVELCH, Director s·
W. P. GARRIGUS, Associate Director •*
H. B. PRICE, Administrative Assistant g
]. ALLAN Smiru, ]osE1>1e1 C. DUNc;AN, OIKINNE ]or1NsoN, Editors
h rl
Material appearing in this publication may Address correspondence about articles in
be reiroduced without further ermission, this uublication to either the authors or the * .
1 P 1 _ _ _ e
provided that full acknowledgment is made Department ot Public Information and Edu- " { s
ol the source and that no change in headings cational Aids, Experiment Station Building, 5 »
or text is made without approval by the author. University of Kentucky, Lexington. `Z
  ¢=  
I th ° I ”
Il lS SSUQ ,
Excess FARLI P1\()I)UC'1`lON—110\\' Moen? Page 3 ~
By Robert Rudd ancl Milton Shuflett
_ {R
P1\()DU(I1N(} Low—<:osT EGGS Page 0
By john Begin H
•..
PI,AS'1`I(I Bow Covi2RiNG Page li
By Emery. M. Emmert L*
Coon PAs’ruRE 1roR BROOD Sows Page 8
By C.   Barnhart and T. W'. Catlzey
_ A
Bm’r’rER 5'1`ltA\\’BEltliY \7ARlE'1`IES Page 10
By C. E. Chaplin 5
»;
V1/()l\l\r[ PARASITES IN CA*r’rLi; Sroniian Page 10
By J. II. Drudge S
CUCUNIBER INs15<:T CONTROL STUDIEI) Page 11 M
By Richard Thurston
K
Exi>ER1M1cN’r S’rAT1oN SEEKS JOHNSON GRAss Page 12 (
CONTROL Missriion
  U
, _ *
. _ The Cover . . . early—planted Brbb lettuce, growing outdoors,
1  . . . h
W,  i plotectecl fiom low temperatures by a covering ` ,
5;** ja p of polyethylene plastic. For details on the method
  _ __ l » ` used, see Dr. E. M. Emmert’s article, “Plastic How P { A
Q2 Y): Covering," on page 6 of this issue. is
'T   ~ 1
"° ¥- 1 •~
+
+

 i Excess
O ° -
‘· 3I‘IIl I°0 11011011
*:
» _       fH(Zt0l`S lllllSI be €V8lll3t€d lll
V ° . . . _.
c011s1der1ng magmtude 0f our agn 1- ,
* .
_ lly ROBERT RUl)l) and MILTON SHUFFETT cultural Stocks; lu gvgut Of war ()r
‘ _ drouth, they may be t00 small.
l·4 O1ll` EXCESS z1gl‘lC1lllll]‘z1l ]_)1`O(l11CllOl1 is, lll OllL‘ 1‘C— Sz1l€S, ll1<;‘ z11lS\V€l' \VO1ll(l l)€ lllkll lz1l`ll1€l'S ]_)1'O(lllC€(l lll
spect, lll ll1€ Sz1l11C CL1l€gO1`y 21S \V21S Xlz1l`l< T\V;1llliS   Ollly 1 p€l`C€l1l l11OI`€ ll121l1 llltéy S()l(l O1' C0llS1ll1lt’(l
I, weather: nearly everybody talks about it. Talking at home} Such a statement, however, would hardly
f .... . · — . .
zLl)O1ll ll, l10\V€V€1‘, lS 21 lot €z1Sl€1` lllzlll ll`}/lllg to ll1z1lckS·
1* Hutimm] spell]-ity HS \V(.]] as tho Cxpcctcd Yau, (lf HS:. llle S(‘COll(l Cll&ll‘l ¤l» l;l$·l5l,
. .' . ' . ,. . ;r· Sim vale 5. *`ar in *e t ri ·s < '.`, c:tt 2 .' '-
A all S21l(*S. lllCl1l(llllQ pl`lC<‘ S\l]1])Ol'l OpCl‘;1llOllS. as llllill ])I,IllITS‘IIII(]jmItf \,3?(,I.I, iII(.I.I,Il;i(l II; llg);1·( ) WL" I L W)
{ l{1;x‘re<:i··=·l< v=*'··<‘$ .l¤‘*<>*·‘ <'*‘d**F**<**? Ul ’·‘*"*’*‘ fm l*_***9*· Tlw °$’}“‘“¤*li· too large, too little, or just right as insurance against '°
tres listed account lor over 95% of government price support acurmula-
¤i<»¤s.> an uncertain future. No one can answer this question
Flg‘ l"'_Tll° "lalm farm Pmllllcls llhgovcmmem loan mi with certainty. In the event of major war or a severe 9
ownership, May 51, 1955. The largest items are wheat, corn _ . _ _ _ _
and muon huldingsl dlrouth affecting large sections of the country, the jp
size of the stock may be too small. On the other hand, g .
farm commodities and exports. Governmentstocks of if lll) major Wal flavelops and if lallllall Collllmles r
wheat exceed a yearls use and exports by more than ample Oval. lllosl Ol the Umlefl Slal€S> those Stofks Q
20 percent, and four other products—nplarrd cotton, may Cert lla lali more than they me Wollll Olle llllllg
cotton linters, barley and grain sorghrnn—are repre- all of lla lflmw is that Callylllg my lflllfl Ol_l€S€lV€ tl
sented in government holdings by more than a half- Stock as lllsllllallce agalllsl an ullceflalll llllllm lllvolves M
y(·m·‘S lm. and Qxpm-tS_ a cost. Individually and collectively, for the country L, ‘
Fmm H (jijjrvwut point of wmv, the iucmusc in the as a whole, the returns from such insurance must at LI
cost value of government inventories of farm products léaal equal llle Cost
PERCENT •
CHAINS: °-——-—-i°——;li)—--——°i°~ -·-H? - "i° `€.°#... lip` SuI°V€y Shows GI`OW1I1g
Z3'?   j Importance of Television i`
GHMMSOHGMUM   l The increasing importance of television as an aid ;
www   i in presenting farming information is shown in results
cowéu 8 mmngmv M [ of a recent survey·made by members of the Depart- Q
www Umm   j ment of Rural Sociology. X
C0,.0,,.,,,,,L,,5   I In a county of the Outer Bluegrass Area, located M
¤0nmm0..   p about 50 miles from the nearest television station, ~
¤¤$:T;’;*°¤U¤’5· %i   over 40 percent of the farm operators in 13 neighbor- (
mm   p hoods reported that they had received some·farming
DMD MM   I information from programs. F rve years earlier there a
Umm { j were virtually no televrsron sets in the area.
'°“*°°°   l Radio, newspapers, and other communication media G-
"°°L   were reported as sources of farrnirrg information about __
5°"""“ A as often in 1950 as in 1955. Radio continued to be   i
(Use ineltules dnun·stit· .·....t..K.QK..}....i exports wlien appliualwlt- at 1953 til? m(‘(llUUl lU()St Ul@UtiOU€(l~ \Vlth   D€1`€€Ut of the ll
  l§.;`%`ll]lS SlI()\\'S (11C l)l`()l)()I`li()lI ol` Rl §`{‘1ll`lS Hlllll USC of ()]`)€I·ut()I‘S swaying they l.€C€lV€(l iuforlllatiou fron] tl];-It *
the major farnr products being held in government loan or Sflllllcla (C" Paul xlalislb lallles N- Young and A· I-#66
ownership. May Ill. 1955. (lOl€m2U1) Ai
4 Krtx’reesY .-\t;arcULrUaAr. Exenrnmrsxr Srrxrrox  
G

 é Simplified rations plus legume
* range show possibilities as .
g poultry researchers seek key to
e
y t
in P d ` L C E
PO llClI1g OW- OS ggS i
1
' By ]()HN BEGIN
é
[ Poultry farmers are constantly concerned with re- on a natural or wild type range and divided into _
A ducing costs of production, especially now because of four groups. Three groups were fed an 18-percent
__ high feed prices. Essential in producing low-cost eggs protein range ration and a mixture of whole corn and
_; is to raise healthy, sturdy pullets and bring them oats free—choice. The fourth received only the corn
into production at the lowest possible cost. This was and oat mixture and steamed bonemeal. The feed
•¤ the purpose of two experiments conducted at the for all birds was available in hoppers, and the birds
Robinson Substation. had access to pasture at all times. They were housed
yy The studies were made to determine (1) if it would in the laying house when approximately 20 weeks
be practical to use a simple, cheap grain mixture old, and then all birds were fed the same 2()—percent
f along with a mineral supplement instead of a more protein laying mash and grain mixture free-choice.
‘ complex type of ration, and (:2) if this plan would In respect to production, the most significant dif-
i produce the type of pullet necessary for most efficient ference between the birds was in the percentage of
Ggg pf0€lU0ti011- eggs laid during the high-egg—price months of Sep-
T! The Pf0€ll10tl011·l>1`€€l New HH1`f1PSl1i1‘€ chicks used tember through December. During that period the
A W€1`€ brooded lll1d€1' SiH1il&1‘ 00Hditi0HS, and {OY the pullets which had received the mash and grain out-
K fi1‘St 8 W€€l A  ;    r· a    
\·*    it   K     `y ` if {yi ~J 2  ' , { .   Y "  'JH  i
      · *   M  .   (  V2"}
,4 C _ d H I   ; _   5  ri  hr V it   .,·
v ,ettmg stur y pu ets suci as ‘·  *      V ,     { . ‘   ~i . A  
these off to low·cost produc- _ ,      ‘¤ if  In _V'>   [_ V V)>>*" ‘ A  
`s tion is the poultryman’s goal.    wi , s ‘ ;  
  ‘     ' M. &#·<“¥*”°   A W  ‘ _ {  yr _ 4 . r _ "    fi
•       (   .....   ‘t   .- *      2-·  · ‘
*   ,1, ,f`j_"_   I. QT'- ....     ~· » ‘· ___ V
'° >~»**·. ····•"   .   .. __   _ .... I,- .1 .... ,,. ._;.. ,, ,.1, .,,. ...4..,, _,_.. __. , _  
•*   ``“`       ‘j.”( it     - {   ‘
Il
; Kr;N’rUcr<1¤€*—_¤r€ used tO S“P1’°f`t °
rvgulul. ()ut(lO0l. phulti“gS· tilt? PlElSlZlC‘()VC‘1` tllC‘ Pl2l.lllZS. Oll€ 1S 2l·SlllOOtll \\fil'C lll
the form of an oval, while the other kind IS fabricated {F
T°m¤l'°€$ so as to have two notches into which the plastic can __
Last summer during the period june 5-15. tomatoes be tucked. The two types are placed alternately, at  
were marketed from the Experiment Station farm at intervals of about   feet. The plastic may be ap-
lll}.{ll(‘l` [ll`lC(‘S illilll tll()S(‘ Q'I'()\Vll lll gl'(‘(‘llll()US€S, tlll(l pll(*(l (‘ltll(f‘l` HS tl \Vl(lC. C()lltlllllOllS Sll€Ct, €‘Xl[Cll(llllQ LJ
the extra returns paid many times for the cost of the over the wickets and held down at the edges by soil.
I)l1lStlL` f()\V C()V(‘l`lIl}.[. lll tl SllllllLll` iC‘St lll llOl`tllG‘l`ll ()l` HS lI\V() Slllgl€ St1'lPS, S(i‘CllI`G(l Sllllll2`l1`ly {lt tll€ €(lQ(‘S
Kentucky. tomato plants were set in the field on and lapped together over the wickets. Lg
April 5 and were protected from a subsequent low sms Permit Inspection of Cmp
temperature of 25"E. by the use of plastic row cover- _ _ $
hm Thcsv plums Ouch bmw, at lmst ll pound of fruit lf the continuous sheet methodlis used, theopcrator ,;
lll _lllll(‘, il lll()Ilt`ll l)(‘f()1`L‘ tllt‘ l`(‘glllLlI`ly pl2l.llt(;‘(l ()l1t(l(lOI` Sluts Sllts llbout   lllches long ll? the plaSF1C·\Vll€l·G I:
i()lll<()(‘S \V(‘l`(‘ Tlllt'. rllll(‘ Illtlj()l` ]_)t1l't (lf tll(‘ C1`()]_l \VtlS It goes (lvl)?. Ol"`   flu) llotchoél “llCk€tS` Tllls ls llOll(l
lml.\,(_St(_(l by tho {imo tho (mtsido plants “,(_l.(_ in Peak to. permit inspection and ventilation. To prevent the *
[)l`()(lllCtl()ll. Tll()llgll ill(‘ i()t1ll }’lt‘l(l (ll: tll(‘ ]_llllStlC- Sllts hlllll lullllg hull] large? lly \VlU(l Or uS€’ at thc I
pl.(m_Ct(_d plums was loss than thut of thc 0utSi(k__ ends of the slits the plastic: is folded laterally and .,‘ .
grown plums tho pmm was hu. g1.(_ut(_1. lwcmlsc thc small, 4—inch squares of plastic are doubled and pinned {
[mit was nmI.k(,t(,(l whml pl.iu_S “,(_l.(_ highm. and its to each fold. Ventilation is obtained by tucking the p
(llmlit). was (,xC(,ptimml]). high. sides of the slit into the notches of the notched wick- ‘ V
ets. as shown in Fig. 1. This method seemingly pro-
l-euuce vides more protection from high winds than the other. F
Early planted leaf and llibh lettuce. protected from lf the two single sheets of narrow plastic are used, q,
frost by plastic row covering. has been produced at they are secured to the ground on each side of the L `
Lexington and Ludlow in .~\pril and has brought as row with soil and lapped over the wicket by about
much as 30 and GO cents a pound. respectively, on -1 inches. .~\ S-foot width of plastic will be necessary f`
the (Iincinnati market. .·\s was true of the tomatoes. for protecting either large or tall plants. The sheets
the quality of the lettuce was exceptionally high. ln are drawn tight at the top so that the lap stays closed A"
I
6 KliN'l`l*(II{Y :\($llI(jl'l.'l`l`ll.-\l. liXl’l·]llI\il·ZN'l` S'|`A'l`l(l\  
?

 c rt N at Dur I [ D WMU helps the soil to hold the plastic firmly. \Vhen pinning
open Q ·. < ‘ the ulastic or ilacin the soil, one should keep the
4 · t .-· e· 1. . . . .
WIRE ,;_ {4* t \ plastrc stretched. Th1s IS aided by fastening the last
\t f 7¤\ gk · i l . . .
tr ((r"`\ ,’ `_; 5.;;, \ _   · Q ‘\ wicket in each row to a stake driven beyond the end _
+ ’¢ Q { `,' [ '   I   \ ·   of the row. The wicket is drawn to the stake by short
‘ * I l :./7 i   |\   Wif€S and is thus able to keep the ends of the plastic
— »   ‘-·§%>?5‘°‘*  "
‘ * .. ele   i    · taut.
. , ¤f"\t‘ wa §tQ\*;\— ` . _.,_   ` , . ....
_' ‘ >§\xt __   —g*`~5’ >a»a/ ' Two things help to provide insulation which will
Fig- I-- VVil’€ wickets support the plastic over the plants, Pl`Ot€€t the CYOP OU th? COld€l` Ulght$· Th¢`$`€ 2U`¢‘ til?
1 Notches in the wickets permit the plastic to be tucked back, use ot exposed packed soil on each side ot the row .-
v l’€"'“i“i“§ "€“*ilmi°“ and i“$1’°*"i°“- and providing for dead air space. Research has shown
_ I _ I H _ _1 t 1 tl that heat in the soil around plants is not lost so
1 ‘ U . i . .— . 7 · · · . . . » .
1 r "T‘k";° {’“T“"‘ “1 .‘]“ ° P'*`““’ ;‘i‘ i_""?‘ ?""’°   readily if there is tm area of packed. firm soil near
—» “lL ( _' t is Qiémltm tO_u§G A W mel pléce O, the zone where the plants are growing.
· A 0.003-inch plastic as a reinforcement at the point of »
pinning. The sheets are not pinned where thev are ,»— —
v . . '
‘ supported by the notched wickets. It is at these J 1./
T ( places that the operator can pull open the plastic to i “  
. . . . . . x
at provide ventilation. let in rain, or work with the plants. ____:._,_. :.;::;==:=-=-  i `   s »i;==j¤g¢gs;:s:;:.¤;.;.____
-··=·€-I ·--·· = ·=·==:·*5??Z"=asezat=¤we=;=.=;:;>:·=-=:=:-¤~: ·.-.·. ' ` ‘ .-:-¤=.as=2::2::=asszzas5iis52%2525252Sz?25;é2€si§S§S;€;¤.
At those times the Plastic is tucked mm the notches   i t -E?if};Z3}?E$?§EEE§$?E?E?E?E?E?E?EFEFEiiEEZifEEEiEEEEE{$§E§E§E§S?E?§?E?§€E¤;=; ..._ ,
Q l”“"’“l€d m the “"Ck"lS· Atterlvmfl the Plastlc Call   .$9!.l.§i§i§%§iE§E?".(1Q`»2€¤s”L'“§§i  .§?§5éi§ifP°9.l$?Fl .i..  
be 1>¤N<‘f¢h¢*S» mid it will resume its  
`       S               ’       if 
T the lap virtually air tight ;rggirq_ Every third Space Fig. 2.- Packed soil next to the plant-growing zone helps to
t cnn be left Open nt all tnnes except On tmstv nights provrde insulation and is essential lor successful use of
' plastic lor protecting plants outdoors.
when all should he shut. More spaces can he opened ‘·
fg on exceptionally hot, sunny days. If the soil is dry _ _ _ 1 l f I
nu can be Opened betOte n min Deadean space. is provided iy tre `use o dll()tltV1
P layer of plastic pmned over the top ot the first layer.
"‘ Plushc Held D°W“ bY S°'I The first layer is allowed to sag slightly, and the
tt lt the soil is placed correctly on the edges of the second or outside layer is stretched tightly. The two
plastic and the laps are pinned securely to hold the layers are needed only when one wishes to protect
plastic firmly to the wickets, no damage from wind tender plants when severe frosts are expected. Such
and rainstorms can occur. The soil under the edge protection was effective at a temperature of 25OF. at
Ȣ of the plastic is dug out with a tile spade and then Lexington. Setting tomato plants in a trench about
* put on top of the edge of the plastic. By tramping 8 to 10 inches deep helow the wickets also helps
on this soil, one presses it onto the plastic, which prevent trost damage.
  Y
5 Fig. Ei.- A Held scene, showing use of plastic to protect hor- hy wickets (left). Some oi` thc wickets have notches into
ticultural cro is. The ilastic is su > >orted over the >Iants which the mlastic can be tucked.
* 1 I 1 l l 1
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These Hampshire brood sows are thriving on a legume pasture, which reduces their need for other feed. °
S' " · 1 eentrates for use · · · ‘ · Gi
Ave expcnblvc LO I # ~ the same during the gestation period. The farrowmg
by growing Pigs; mukg gygatgp ugg of records of the sows are summarized as follows: "
Rye pasture Dry I0t
Number of sows ............,.................r..... 11 9 3
Av. no. airs farrowed ...................,...... 9.9 9.1
1_&» _ _
Av. no. 31 s farrowed alive .................. 9.1 8.4
. I g . . ,
Av. birth weight per litter, lb .............. 29.6 27.4 E~
Av. birth weight per pig, lb ................ 3.0 3.0
Total feed fed per sow, lb .................. 730.0 857.() 4.4
    Total feed cost per sow° ...................... $24.15 $30.00 Ll
Feed cost per live pig° ........................ S 2.65 S 3.57
° Gestatioir sow ration cost $3.50 per ewt. Cost of the pasture was LJ
liy (1. E, BARN!-IART and T. W. (IATHEY MM ¤¤¢1¤d<>d ¤¤ fhv feed CML
I _ I k I I I It should be noted that the sows grazing the rye
Hog lmu {Wl `0m(Fu“1` OV? OO H tw EVN] pasture tarrowed more p1g'S and at the same time c
{ t`· { .‘ * I ' _‘ . ‘ J 1 . . .
fllgu of goof prtfm Ol )r({0( `0w5’ ffven E Olug required less grain and supplement than the sows lll
**1*1   ·z ;·.¤.‘o¥o .1 . .
ful ul {_lW‘m °_ tu lnmlhu V‘mtqf¤(S _ EO ( C in the dry lot. On the basis of the total feed cost per 5
as ‘· ‘*‘ fs.   J N e szt 1. · ~ .
prtstnnk or giowipg pig}; Leéllt €‘\1;€1N?l nt. alt G Sow, the acm of Balbo rye saved $64.35 WOffh of *
ly mm 1 \hH°" lmm wgfillmf ufr hgmml U fl? in feed. That the rye provided valuable nutrients for the _
fmt lmstuu hm )( {mm] U Y UU Mflf ‘m( Wll at brood sows having access to it is suggested by the
{um lfilfdtfl l°w"l("m° df ViUltft*§" W gf Y $1 UM W fact they farrowed 0.7 of a pig more per litter than ig.
noot Isows tialn 1) any ot ter c ass o logs. tl}? Othgrsl
During the fall of 1954 twentv brood sows were ¤
  · ' ·· flfLd‘ Mw
evenly divided at breeding and placed in either a AI ¤ 0* 0 mo 'X u"€ 1
field of approximately one acre of Balbo rye or a For further study of the use of pasture by brood ‘
dry lot of the same size. The rye had been cross sows, 20 bred sows were divided equally and placed 1
drilled at the rate of 4 bushels per acre in August in two fields of a legume mixture of alfalfa and Ladino
   
and had produced a good heavy growth when the clover. Each field was 1.3 acres in size. The sows ’
sows were turned in on it the first of November. The were all mature and had been bred about 20 days. g .
sows were hand-fed twice a day a well balanced They remained on pasture until they were due to far- L
complete mixed ration. ;\ simple mineral mixture was row. ()ne group was fed 2 pounds of a complete
self fed both groups of sows. The daily amount of mixed ration and the other group was fed 4 pounds *
feed fed eaeli group of sows was regulated so that of the same ration each day. All sows were self-fed a
the sows on rye and those in the dry lot gained about simple mineral mixture. f*
. , *
B f\i·:N’rUCxY ACltlCUl,'l`U1{Al. TLXPEIUBIENT S'l`ATION 1;
G

 Although the reproductive performance of the sows Producing L0w-COSt Eggs
fed the greater amounts of feed was slightly better (Continued from page 5)
s '*· than that of the other group of sows, both groups far- _
It rowed very satisfactory litters. It was noted that the the latter by 1.5 pounds. The grarn—bo11emeal—fed
a sows fed 2 pounds of feed each day farrowed a higher pullets were underdeveloped and underweight when
percentage of strong pigs and a smaller percentage housed, and about 2 months were required for them
é» of medium and weak pigs than did the sows fed 4 to bu1ld up their body weight and to get rnto full
pounds of feed daily. produ