xt7cnp1wdr8t https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7cnp1wdr8t/data/mets.xml Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate, 1841-1906. 1877 books b96-12-34908239 English Stereotyped for the Survey by Major, Johnston & Barrett, Yeoman Press, : Frankfort, Ky. : Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Geology Kentucky. Report on the unfinished work of the survey of the commonwealth under the direction of Dr. David Dale Owen / by N.S. Shaler. text Report on the unfinished work of the survey of the commonwealth under the direction of Dr. David Dale Owen / by N.S. Shaler. 1877 2002 true xt7cnp1wdr8t section xt7cnp1wdr8t
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KENTUCKY.
N. S. SHALER, DIRECTOR.
REPORT ON THE UNFINISHED WORK
OF THE
SURVEY OF THE COMMONWEALTH
UNDER THo
DIRECTION OF DR. DAVID DALE OWEN,
BY N. S. SHALER.
PART VIII. VOL. III. SECOND SERIES.
mR YRD FOE -R SURVE " MAJOR, JO..-TON ARR- YEOMAN PRES, "rAR, Y.
415 & 416
This page in the original text is blank.
REPORT ON THE UNFINISHED WORK OF THE
SURVEY OF THE COMMONWEALTH, UN-
DER THE DIRECTION OF DR.
DAVID DALE OWEN.
In reconstituting the Geological Survey of Kentucky, the
Legislature very properly provided that the new work should
be made a continuation of that which had been begun under
the direction of Dr. Owen. In pursuance of this command,
a careful search has been made for all the material left unpub-
lished by the sudden stoppage of the work in i86o. The
death of Dr. Owen in that year, the ravages of the civil war,
and various accidents, such as the burning of certain records
in the offices of the Commonwealth at Frankfort, has left little
to be gathered together. Some few topographical notes have
been embodied in the maps given in the first, second, fourth,
and fifth volumes of the new series. Some collections of soils
made by Dr. Owen's assistants have been analyzed by Dr.
Peter, and the results given in his reports.
I present herewith the only two considerable works that
have come to me in the records of the old Survey. The first
of these, the geological section along the east and west base
line of the Survey, made by Sidney S. Lyon, Assistant of the
Survey, is all that has been found in the way of records of
that arduous work. I have elsewhere expressed the opinion
that the labor given to this task was, to a great extent, mis-
placed, as it was not possible to make a satisfactory map of
the State in the way designed by Dr. Owen. The topogra
phy planned by himi was essentially based on the methods of
the only surveys with which he was personally familiar-those
made by the General Government in laying out the lands of
the new Territories. This method has been unanimously con-
demned by all cartographers as wanting in those corrections
which experience has shown can alone be given by the ac-
VOL. i.-27 4x7
REPORT ON THE UNFINISHED WORK UNDER
curate system of triangulation which is used in all our best
modern government surveys. The extension of the triangu-
lation work of the Coast Survey to the interior of the United
States, in a way that furnishes a thorough geodetic found-
ation for the topographical work of any State survey, takes
away the need of the class of work which Dr. Owen sought to
do in this imperfect fashion. I have, therefore, not thought it
worth while to try to recover the bench and distance marks
of his base line-a task which, owing to the imperfect method
of designation, would be now, after the expiration of twenty
years, very hard to accomplish.
The section with the sketch of the topography, which is
given in the first plate in this Report, has a certain value,
independent of the aim that led to its making. It will be
seen that it gives, in considerable detail, a generalized geo-
logical section across the Cincinnati, or, as I would prefer
to call it, the Ohio axis, which is the key to the structural
geology of Kentucky. Although the work seems rudely done,
when measured by the advanced standards of our modern
geology, it is, in a certain way, an advance on anything that
had been done at the time when it was executed. The great
disproportion between the horizontal and vertical scales of the
section is a defect common to all the work of its day, and
it occurs in most of our more modern sections as well. The
result is a very much distorted idea of the steepness of all
declivities, whether of the surface of the ground or of the
slopes of the various strata. The reader should be warned
that the eastern part of the section, which seems as rugged
as the sky line of the rudest mountains, in fact represents
a region of rather gentle slopes, through which railways could
be built at scarcely more cost than in the more level central
parts of the section. He should also notice that the various
separate groups of rocks are but imperfectly given, not half
the well marked divisions being taken into account in this
diagram.
In making these criticisms upon the work of my distin-
guished and lamented predecessor, I would not be suspected
418
4
THE DIRECTION OF DR. DAVID DALE OWEN.
of a disposition to disparage his eminent services to the ge-
orogy of our Commonwealth, as well as to American geology
in general. Each step in reviewing his labors confirms me
in the opinion that he was a man of great genius and of
the most constant fidelity to his work. The only limitations to
the goodness of his work were brought about by the slender
means at his command, and the necessary restriction of all his
labors to reconnoissance surveys, in which branch of geolog-
ical surveying he deserves the very highest rank.
The third plate given in this Report contains an important
piece of topographical work, by Joseph Lesley, Esq., Topo-
graphical Assistant with Dr. Owen, now Secretary of the
Pennsylvania Railway. This work, like that of Lyon, was
designed to serve the purpose of a base line on which to build
the topography of the State. It will be seen that the measure-
ments extend from near the Ohio river to the Tennessee bor-
der, and that they essentially coincide with the western outcrop
of the eastern or Appalachian coal field.
As a piece of topographical work, this base-line Survey of
Mr. Lesley's has, I believe, never been surpassed in the west-
ern country. Unfortunately, the original map, in twenty large
sheets, on the scale of one ten thousandth, was loaned by
the State Government to the officers of U. S. engineers during
the civil war. The data it afforded were roughly embodied
in the so-called military map of the Commonwealth, which
was prepared in 1863-'5, but which, owing to the loss of the
lithographic plates in the burning of Pike's Opera House, in
Cincinnati, was never published, a few copies only being now
in existence. The original sheets of Mr. Lesley's work have
been anxiously sought for in the Government archives-the
officers of the War Department and the U. S. engineers
having given me all possible aid in my efforts to recover these
records. Fortunately, Mr. Lesley had made a full reduction
of his maps to the scale given in this section, which will serve
to preserve the most valuable features of his admirable work.
The sketch map which accompanies this Report was de-
signed to give the western outcrop of the eastern coal field
419
5
6 REPORT ON THE UNFINISHED WORK UNDER
in a convenient form, in anticipation of the completion of the
topographic work in this section, without which a detailed
showing would not be possible. This sketch has already
been embodied in the general geological map of the State.
It is reproduced here in justice to the work of Mr. Lesley,
and in order to show just what work had been done during
the direction of Dr. Owen.
In the work of Mr. Lesley, as in that of Dr. Owen, the
greater part of the usefulness of the base lines measured has
been lost, owing to the change of plan arising from the sub-
stitution of triangulation for the method of base lines used
by Dr. Owen; but Mr. Lesley's work, unlike that of Mr,
Lyon, has a direct value for the amount and accuracy of to-
pographical work done along the base line, and the excelling
hypsometric determinations made in connection therewith.
Wherever this work of Mr. Lesley's has been reviewed, in the
advance of the present Survey, it has been found of the most
satisfactory character.
It should be said, in explanation of the delay in bringing
out these fragments of Dr. Owen's work, that it was long
after the re-institution of the Survey before the materials
came into my hands, and only within a few months of the
present time that I have been forced to give up all hope of
getting access to other original records of the same nature.
4-o
THE DIRECTION OF DR. DAVID DALE OWEN.
7
THE OUTCROP BELT OF THE EAST KENTUCKY
COAL FIELD.
To ACCOMPANY A MAP ORIGINALLY PRESENTED TO THE AMER-
ICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, JUNE 20TH, i873. BY
JOSEPH LESLEY, LATE ASSISTANT ON THE
KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
Under appointment of David Dale Owen, State Geologist
of Kentucky, I began, on the 25th of August, i858, a geolog-
ical and topographical survey of the margin of the eastern
coal field of the State, to determine its area, and the number,
thickness, and attitude of its beds of coal and iron ore, and to
get a reliable base for a future survey of the whole eastern
coal field as far as to the Virginia line.
The base line of my survey was run upon the common
roads of the country-flying side lines, and, in some cases,
closed looped lines, being carried out sideways to the west-
ern outcrops wherever necessary.
An admirably constructed odometer was used for measuring
distances, and a compass with side-telescope and eccentric
target for running courses. Aneroid observations, regularly
taken at every station, were checked by clinometric measure-
ments made with a vertical circle attached to the telescope,
and also by synchronous observations with a barometer sta-
tionary in camp.
The main base line was also carefully leveled, for a distance
of about two hundred miles, with a spirit-level, which was also
used on some of the side lines, in order to tie the parts of
the work together, and to give the exact datum above tide-
water for all principal stations, in view of adopting them as
starting points of the contemplated survey of the whole coal
field.
The work thus described was continued from September x,
1858, to November I, 1859, seven months being passed in
field work, and with the following results:
43
8 lREPORT ON THIE UNFINISHED WORK UNDER
1st. A large contour-line map was made on a scale of three
miles to the inch, which has never been published. The
original plottings were on a scale of five hundred feet to the
inch. This map includes only the ground covered by the
survey, and shows the positions of towns, county line cross-
ings, coal openings, and other points of interest, as well as
the crossing of the long east and west base line run by S.
S. Lyon, Assistant on the State Geological Survey.
2d. The map, now published for the first time, to accompany
this description, was compiled from the survey sheets of the
first named map, from old maps in the Internal Improvement
Office, from railway surveys, and from the old State map.
3d. A base line for future use, extending in a general south-
west direction along the strike of the formations, beginning
at a point five hundred and ninety-seven feet above tide, close
by the town of Grayson, in Carter county, Northeast Ken-
tucky, and extending, by a loop embracing a section covered
by the Little Sandy river and its tributaries, to the ridge
dividing Carter from Rowan counties; thence across the east
end of Bath county to Jeffersonville, in Montgomery county;
thence to the Red River Iron-works, on the edge of Estill
county; thence to the town of Proctor and its coal mines, on
the Kentucky river; thence across Owsley county to McKee,
in Jackson county; thence to Mt. Vernon, in Rockcastle coun-
ty, and Somerset, in Pulaski county; thence across the Cum-
berland river, at the "lower ford," to Monticello, in Wayne
county; and thence to its southern terminus on the Tennessee
State line, in Clinton county, at a point on the waters of Wolf
river, one thousand and nineteen feet above tide.
4th. The establishment of sixty-two bench marks, showing
elevation above tide and above low water in the Ohio river at
Catlettsburg.
5th. An unpublished geological section to accompany Map
No. i.
VThese maps were loaned to the U. S. engineers by the Government of the Common-
wealth during the late civil war. The most careful search for them has been unsuccessful
Through the kindness of General Hnmphreys, the records of the engineer corps et
Washington have been ransacked in this fruitless search. N. S. S.
422
THIE DIRECTION OF DR. DAVID DALE OWEN.
By observations made during the progress of the work, the
following points of scientific interest present themselves:
ist. In approaching this coal field from Middle Kentucky,
over the lower Silurian formations, one is confronted by a belt
of cone-shaped hills, having the Devonian black slates in their
gently sloping bases, upon which rise steeper slopes of the
olive-colored shales and overlying grit stones of the same
system. These shales and grit stones, together, vary in thick-
ness from three hundred and fifty to five hundred and fifty
feet, the lower and larger division of the formation having
disseminated through it nodular masses of earthy iron ore, giv-
ing origin to numerous chalybeate springs, the upper division
affording valuable building stone.
Upon the above named rocks lies the Mountain or Sub-car-
boniferous limestone, varying in thickness from seventy feet,
at the north end of the line, to four hundred feet and more at
the southern end. This formation is composed of alternating
layers of white, grey, and buff-colored strata, ranging in qual-
ity from argillaceous claystone to the purest plaster limestone.
The lowest members of the series hold large dark green flint
pebbles, and exhibit traces of galena. Dry valleys and numer-
ous caves distinguish this formation.
Above these limestones lies the millstone grit formation
(the Conglomerate No. XII of the Pennsylvania Survey), in
two members, the lower made up of thin sandstones and
shales, inclosing beds of coal and iron ore. This is named
the - Sub-conglomerate " member. The upper or "1 Conglom-
erate" proper consists of a massive, coarse-grained ferrugin-
ous sand-rock containing pebbles.
The two members of this formation thicken southwestward-
ly, as do also the rocks of the previously mentioned formations,
on which they repose, but under different and peculiar condi-
tions.
At Grayson the whole formation measures ninety feet, with
the "lowest" coal bed-a mere streak-jammed between its
base and the top of the limestone.
4V3
9
to REPORT ON THE UNFINMIED WORK UNDER
At the north fork of Licking river the upper member is one
hundred and fifty feet thick; while the lower one is only eight
feet thick, and contains a well-defined bed of iron ore and a
twelve-inch coal bed.
In Estill county the upper member measures two hundred
feet; the lower has also increased to fifty feet, its accompany-
ing ore bed being now workable, and its coal bed measuring
twenty-seven inches in thickness.
From this last named point to the south end of the line at
the Tennessee State line the peculiar character of this for-
mation shows itself in a marked manner, its lower member
increasing to an average thickness of two hundred and twenty-
five feet, and containing two workable and three other thin
beds of coal, and three well-defined horizons of shale contain-
ing iron ore, its upper member nowhere exceeding eighty feet
in thickness.
The point of sudden change lies geographically between
the top of the ridge dividing the Red and Kentucky rivers
and the valley of the Kentucky river itself.
The -lowest" coal bed holds its place throughout the belt,
the other Sub-conglomerate coals mentioned above coming in,
one by one, above it, and in proportion to the constant thick-
ening of the lower member of the formation.
Back from the greatly eroded and boldly rising wall of the
Conglomerate, which always marks the western margin of the
East Kentucky coal field, lie, thinly spread over a plateau
trenched by ravines, the lowest layers of the lower coal meas-
ures proper.
2d. All the formations mentioned above dip to the south-
east, making the western side of a wide and shallow synclinal
trough.
3d. This great wave, having its axis in a direction north
northeast and south southwest, is itself crossed by undula-
tions of no great height and depth, having their axes west
northwest and east southeast. Gentle as those undulations
were, they were quite sufficient to determine the principal
44
THE DIRECTION OF DR. DAVID DALE OWEN. I I
lines of drainage which issue from the mountain country into
the plain.
4th. All the formations examined along the base line thicken,
and also rise above sea level, going towards the southwest.
5th. The lowest Sub-conglomerate coal varies in thickness,
but is persistent throughout the whole extent of the belt sur-
veyed, a distance of about two hundred miles.
6th. Different species of trees mark the outcrops of the
different geological formations. The sugar-tree and other
maples, and the white oak, are characteristic of the base of
the Devonian " knobstone" series. Beech and red cedar grow
on the Sub-carboniferous limestones. Pine, hemlock, laurel,
and holly possess the Conglomerate cliffs and peaks. Chest-
nut and oak forests cover the shales and sandstones of the
great plateau bordered by the Conglomerate bluffs.
425
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RECONNOISSANCE OF
FOR THE
A BASE LINE
EASTERN KENTUCKY COAL FIELD.
To Accompany :Part VIII, Vol. III,
SECOND SERIES,
'qEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KENTUCKY.
INDEX.
The refere-ce is to the betl- jatgi..)
Adirondack woods, probable results of felling the .......
Agelacrinites . .
Agricultural School, instruction in the, by officers of the Survey.
Agricultural School, future relations of the, with the Survey . .
Airdrie Furnace, cause of the failure of .......... . .
Allen, J. A., memoir of ...................
Alps, Italian, denudation of the ...............
Alps, Lower, depopulation of the provinces of the ......
Alps, Upper, desolations of the torrents of the ........
Alps, Upper, former fertility of the ............ . .
Alps, Upper, result of grading and re-wooding in the .....
....... . ..... :
. . . . ..
. . . . ..
. . . . ..I
. . . . ..
. . . . ..I
.. . . ..
. . . . . 2
...... . . .. 25
. . . . . . .I
280,
: ,
i96,
I to
271,
Apennines, denudation of the . ...... ........ ..........
Appal_,chian chain, importance of a study of the............... .
Appalachian Mountains, heavy rain-falls caused by the ..............
Appalachian Mountain system, sections and divisions of the ...........
Appalachian system, outlying ranges of the... ............. 219,
Appalachians, Kentucky and Tennessee section of the ... . . . . . . . . 220 to
Appalachians, relative age of the faults itl the Tennessee section of the ......
Argillaceous deposits during the Cincinnati period.'.... . . . . . . . . . i60,
Ashland coal . ...............................
Axis, Clarksville...... ..... ... .................
Axis, Richmond .... . . . . . . . . . . . ...............
Axis, Unaka. ...... .... ............
Black swamps, process of formation of. ... . 70
Barnard, J. M., aid furnished by.
Baryta, sulphate of, at Lexington .... . . . ................
Base-lines of the first Survey, usefulness of the, lost ...............
Base-line Survey of the Eastern coal-field, method of the............
Base-line from Grayson to Carter countiesu.n .. ...............
Beatricea.
Beaumont, Elis de; reference to his theory of mountains.. . . . . . . . . . . .
Beaver Creek, ruined blast furnace on.
Beaver Creek, water-powers of ... . . . . ..................
Beaver dams, former beneficial effect of .....................
Beckham, C. W., joined to the Coast Survey ..................
Belgium, railways of, administered by the State .................
Belgrand and Vallks; reference to their theory of inundations ........ . 244,
Bell county. agricultural resources of ......................
Big Blai e Creek, coal and iron ores of the... . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..
Big Blaine Creek, water-power of the ... . . . . . . . . . .. . ......
Big Bone Lick .......... . . . . . . . . . . . .. x8, 16i, 162, 194,
Big Creek Gap..............................
426 A
281
'54
"4
150
so
197
274
257
257
253
272
274
219
193
220
220
232
225
t6,
6i
218
220
222
1 71
'97
153
420
421
40
410
220
104
104
403
112
346
245
98
328
328
195
100
427
Big Creek Gap, upturned strata at..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Big Hill, structure of . . . .................................................. 352
Big Sandy coal-fields compared with those of the Little Sandy .... . . . . . . 76
Big Sandy coals, superiority of the..... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 335
Big Sandy, iron ores of the..... . . . . ................ 76
Big Sandy river, causes of the violent inundations of .............. . 79
Big Sandy river district, mineral wealth of the ... . ............ 328
Big Sandy river, inundations on the, prevention of ....... . . . ........79, 80
Big Sandy river, possible mileage of the.... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 327, 328
Big Sandy river, practicability of building locks and dams on..... . . . . . . 79
Big Sandy river, proposed improvements on the, by the Federal Government . 328
Big Sandy river, report by N S. Shaler relative to inprovements in the . 78, 79
Big Sandy river and tributaries, estimated cost Of locking and damming the . . 327, 328
Big Sandy Valley, accessibility of coal! in, and their quality ........
Big Sandy Valley, valuable timber resources of the ...........
Big South Fork, coals on the ......................
Big South Fork, geology of the ....................
Big South Fork, valuable water-power of .................
Bison latifrons .............................
Black hand ore .............................
Black kidney ore . . .............. ..... ...... .
Black shale-see also Ohio shale.
Black shale, area and prospective value of.................
Black shale, depth of, in Eastern Kentucky ................
Blanqui on the destruction of forests in the French Alps ... . . . . 252,
Blue clay the result of glacial action. .. ..............
Bonville, M. de., on the torrents of the French Alps s..........
Bones preserved in the salt bogs.. . . . .. . . . . . .. .... . .
Bootherium cavifrons ................ ...... . . . .
Borings, rock, for sub-drainage iron deposits ...............
Botanical Survey recommended .......
Bowling Green building stones, character and distribution of the .. ... . 84
Bowling Green oolite, extensive use of the ................
Bowling Green oblite, physical character of the ..............
Brachiopods in the Kentucky river limestone ...............
Breccias, formation of. .........................
Breccias not always formed by violent rupture... ............
Bridges, natural, formation of ......................
Buffalo remains at the salt springs ....................
Building materials, quality of the, of the State ..............
Building materials, museum of.... . . . . ..............
Burksville, development of Cumberland sandstone near ..........
Burksville, first discovery of coal oil near .................
Cabinet, State, administration of the . .................
Cabinet, State, collections for the, by H. Herzer..............
Cabinet, State, growth of the ......................
Cabinet, State, value of the .......................
Cabinets, local, aid offered in forming ..................
Calabria, earthquake in, cause of the ...................
Calciferous sand rock, salt springs of the .................
Caldwell county, lead region of .....................
Caldwell, jr., Wm. B., engaged as Metallurgist ..............
428
. . . 78
. . 78
.. . 103
. 102, 1o0
. . . lot
. 197
.. . 50
,. 065
,. o
110
25 to 256
. . 203
.. 257
. . . 196
197
. . . t68
.. . 19
122, 397
397
397
.. . 159
.. . 411
410, 411
359
196, 197
.. 17
26 to z8
394
.. . 107
304 to 306
.. . 301
.. . 304
. . 303
10
233
.. . 195
.. 47
.. . 376
14
INDEX.
California sandstone, equivalent of the, in the Cumberlad Mou nstains . . . . . . . z00
Calymene .1.5.0... . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. ISo
Camp Harvard broken September, 1875 ...... . . ...... . . . . . . . 98
Camp Harvard, health of. in 1875 ............... . . . - 91
Carboniferous Conglomerate, increase in thickness of the, southward . . 187, 188
Carboniferous iron ore..... .. . .. . . ............... 165
Carboniferous period, changes in level during the, due to ice .. . .9.0.. . . . . Ioo
Carboniferous period, probable length of time since the. .... . .. .. . . 135
Carboniferous period, repeated glaciation during the . .0....... . Go
Carboniferous period, uniformity of the first stage of the ...... .1. 84
Carboniferous vegetation and excessive rain-fall..... . .9.0.... . . . . . go
Caribou, remains of the, at the salt springs..... . .. . 197
Carr, L., Assistant in Ethnology...... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 49, 50
Carter's, R. L., well, daily yield of oil at... . ............ . o8
Catlettsburg, establishment of bench-marks at, in 1858-9 . ....... . 422
"-Caudi Galli" in the Waverly beds... . . ................. 175
'-Caudi Galli' marks absent in the Ohio shale..... . ...... . . . . . 172
California, Geological Survey of, referred to...... . . ..... . . . . . . 23
Caverns formed by under-drainage ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . 211, 358, 359
Caverns of Kentucky, antiquity of the ...... . . . . . ...g. . . . . . . 194
Caverns of Kentucky, evidences of earthquake action in the ... . . . . . . 237, 238
Caverns f Kentucky, possible future use of the. ............... . 53
Caverns, organic life of the, investigations on the, in 874. . . . . . . . 5
Caverns, preservation of animal remains in.... . . . . . . . . . . . .. 194
Caves of Kentucky-see also Caverns ............ . 53, 194, 211, 237, 358
Cedars, abundance of, near Monticello.. ........ .. ......... .. 04
Centennial Exposition and the industries of Kentucky, preparation of reports upon
the. ............ . ................ ... . 289
Centennial Exposition, representation of Kentucky at the .8.. . . . . . . . 286, 287
Centennial Exposition, photographs of natural scenery, &c., for the .3.. . . . 120, 121
Centennial Exposition, representation of Kentucky at the . . 23, 119 to 123, 286, 287
Chetetes lycoperdon .......................... . 150, 159
Chteteies petropolitana.................. ... .. ...... . i5o
Chatterawha river-see Big Sandy river.
Chemical laboratory, establishment of a, for the Survey..... . . . . . . . . 17
Chemical investigations of the geological deposits of the State needed ...... . 302
Chemistry, agricultural, reports concerning. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad and the Eastern Kentucky Railroad .. . ... .. 335
Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, future importance of. ...........
Chester Group, arenaceous element in the. ...............
Chester Group, coal beds of the....... .. . . . . . . . .