xt7crj48qz7b https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7crj48qz7b/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 1943 journals 035 English Lexington. Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Regulatory series, bulletin. n.35 text Regulatory series, bulletin. n.35 1943 2014 true xt7crj48qz7b section xt7crj48qz7b x
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, Regulatory Series, Bulletin No. 35 · " June, 1943
‘ Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Statioui
UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY Q
V Thomas P. Cooper, Director i I   .·
COMMERCIAL FEEDS IN KENTUCKY IN 1942 1
By J. D. TURNER, STACY B. RANDLE, W. G. TERRELL and J. J. ROSE
CONTENTS
Table 1—Summary of sales by materials usually included in
’ class of feed ................................ 2 mineral mixtures .................... 6
Chemical standards and regula- Yellow-tag feeds .......................... 7
_ tions .............................................. 3 Feeders’ guide .............,.................. 8
· Table 2—Chemical standards Dog feeds ........................................ 8
and regulations .........,.............. 3 Table 4—Analyses of d o g
Read the tag ................................ 5 feeds ............................................ 10
Mineral feeds ................................ 5 Summary of results of inspect-
" Table 3—Mineral and other tion and analysis, 1942 .......... 16
_ This bulletin contains the results of inspection and analyses of -
commercial feeds sold in Kentucky during 1942 and other information
helpful to those who purchase commercial feeds.
Never in our history has there been such a demand for food, the A
most needed being meat, milk, eggs, cheese. The farmers were able
with the aid of good feeds, to meet this demand in most part in 1942,
but shortages in high-protein materials in the latter part of the year
made this demand an acute and serious problem. The shortage is
more serious in 1943 and will likely continue for a considerable time
l beyond 1943. Farmers are urged to conserve feeds of every nature
and grow as much feed as possible, especially legumes.
The tonnage of commercial feeds sold in Kentucky in 1942, about
426,805 tons, as estimated from the number of tax tags issued, showed
a considerable increase over 1941. About 43 percent of this tonnage
was straight byproduct feed, 53.7 percent special-purpose feed, and
the small remainder of a miscellaneous nature. Of the total tonnage
consumed in Kentucky in 1942, about 229,000 tons were special-

 2 KENTUCKY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
purpose feeds of which 27 percent were dairy feeds, 51 percent poultry ‘
feed, 3.8 percent horse feed, and 10.5 percent hog feed. A sunnnary -
of sales by class of feed, in tonnage, is given in Table 1.
TABLE 1.—SUMMARY or SALES BY CLASS or FEED t
Straight byproducts
Alfalfa meal ..................,........................................................... . ..............................,...,.,.........._____ 275
Barley, ground ............ .. ............... . ........... . ...... . .......... . ...,........ . ...............,... . ..,...   ........__._ 1,425
Bone meal .........,........................................................................,............. . .............,...l....... . ........___ 400
Brewers dried grains ....... . .................................................. . ......... . .........,...............................___. 325
Brewers dried grains and cane molasses ........................ . ................................. , ...,..._.,..____,__ 475
Corn byproduct feed ................................ . ...................................... . ............,........................__,__ 2,525
Com feed meal ..................,........................................................ . ............. . ......,...,,.......   ......,,,._. 2,650
Corn gluten feed .......... . ............................. . ............. . ............................... . ,...........,..................,. 150
Corn meal .......................... . ............ . ...,.....................................,.............. . .............,.... . ......... .. ..,,. 1,125
Cottonseed meal ................................. . ....................,. . .........,......,........................,....,.r...............,.. 11,100
Cracked corn ......................,................................... . ...........................................,.......... . .......,...,.... 22,105
Crushed ear corn .,...................................................................................... . .............. . ...,..,,.,.,,... 150
Distillers corn dried grains ..................,......... . ...... . .................................,...... . ............,,...,r...... 1,675
Distillers corn dried grains and cane molasses ........ . ......................................, . ......,......... 225 .
Dried beet pulp ..............................,.................................... . ..........................r.... ..   ..,.....r...   75
Dried milk byproducts ........ . .....,.. . ........ . .................... . ......... . ............................................... 25
Hominy feed ................................. . ..............,......................... . ..........,........r.. . ........,....................., 18,275
Hominy meal .................................................,............,................................................... . ...........,.... 700
Linseed oil meal ..,........................................,............... . .................,........ . ...................................,. 1,355
Meat scraps .............................,................................,.........,...............................,....... . ........,._.,.... 800 —
Meat and bone scraps ...............................................,........................................ . ..........,............. 1,000
Miscellaneous wheat feeds ...................,....,.................................. L .............................................. 3,275
Mixed feed (wheat byproduct with small amount of com bran) ............. . ................. 20,300
— Oats, ground ........................................................... . ........................ . ............. . ................. . ,........... 425
Rye middlings and screenings ....................... . ................... . ..............,..................................... 75
Soybean oil meal ...............................................,..... . ..............,.. . ...........,.....r........... . rr............ ,. 12,020
Tankage .......................... . ...................... . ....................................................   ............... . ..........   . 3,400
Wheat bran ............................................ , ..........,................................ . ........................................,... 6,450
Wheat brown middlings or shorts ................ . ............ . ....,...... . ...... . ...,.............. . ................. 20,900
Wheat Hour middlings .................................... . .......................................................................... 525
Wheat gray middlings or shorts ............ . ...... . .......................... . ..... .. ...................................... 18,075
Wheat, ground ...,r.,.,....r...,....r.r................. . ........,.,............,..........................................,.....,........... 12,170
Wheat mixed feed ,...... . .......... . ...,.............. . ..... . ..... . ......................... . ..... . .....,.,.... . ..,............. 16,450
Wheat red dog flour ...... . .....................,..... . .............................................................. . .................. 2,825
Special-purpose feeds
Calf meal ........,....................,........................,.............................. . ......................,............................ 1,155
Dairy feed:
16% protein   ............ . ....,. . ................................................................... . ...... .. 29,475
20% protein .................,.,...........,._.............,........ . _.............,,   .....,..........._.   4,550
24% protein .. ...................,..................................... . ......................................   24,850
Supplement .................. . ..................................   .. .................. . ............. . ........ 2,450
61,325
Dog feed:
Canned ..........,.. . ................. . ..,..... . ......... , .,.............. . .,.. . ...........,..,,......_. . .....   360
Dry ................ .. .............,.................... , ..,,,,,..........,...,.,.............. . ...............,,,...... 3,255
3,615
Goat feed ...,............,.......,............. .  . ......   ... .......... . .r........... . .... . ..........   ...........,...... 175
Hog feed:
Fattening and growing ........ . .,.. . .........,.,. .. .. . .......,.................. . ..,.........   8,000
Supplement ..........,........... . .. ,.,. . ...... . ..,.........,...........,.,.... . .......,.... ., ...........   16,220
24,220
Horse and mule feed ......,.   ................ .. ............... ., . ......     ......,,... . ..,,__ . ....__.._,...,_____ 8,685
Pigeon feed .............   .   .... . .......,, . ........ . .......... .. ........,... . . .. ..... . ,....,   ..,.,,,_.._.._____ 50
Poultry grains:
Chick ........ .. ........... . ......... . ..... . ............... . .,...........,...... . ...... . ......_..,, . .... . ......._ 4,750
Scratch . .. . ,. . . ..... . U. ..........,. . ....... .. . ,.     .. .... . .... 26,435
31,185
Poultry mash:
All—mash growing ration ...... . ..... . ...... . ........,......... . ......   ...........,,. , ,..,, . 2,110
All-mash laying ration ................... . ..........,......................................... . ,,,,.... 1,765
All-mash poultry ration ..,. . ..................... .. .....r . ......   ..........   ...r .. 5,820
All-mash starting ration .........,.. , .,.. . ............  .. .. ..,_..,,,   ...__.__.,__ 1,190

 · Commrncmr. Fares, 1942 ‘ 3
All-mash starting and growing ...r,.,...............................,............................. 3,930 `
Fattening mash ,..,...... . .................,.................................,i..........,A..................,,.. 2,100
Growing and broiler ................................................,...................,.............,,.... 13,085 _
Laying mash ...,.ii.............,...........................,.,.....i.......................,....,..,............... 37,580
Starting mash .....................................,....,........................,.....,.................. . ......... 8.335
` Starting and growing mash ......,.....................4............................................. 5,070
Supplement mash ............,..................,....,.,..............................,........i......,....i... 2,875
_ Turkey growing mash ......,.........................................................,.......i........i.. 1,910
Turkey laying mash ..........................,,..............................,......,...................... 75
Turkey starting mash ....................,..,.i...........................,.....i....................»..,.. 1,010
Turkey supplement mash .........................»......,,.........i.................,........,..... .. 125
86.980
l Rabbit feed ............,.,,..........,...........,......,...,.....................,.............................................. . .............. 760
Sheep feed ,............ . ..,.,..............................,.,,..........................,.............................,...............i..r....... 1.050
Stock feed ..................,....i.........................,.......,.....................................,......,......l . .....i.................,... 9,800
Miscellaneous feeds
Mineral feed .....,..........................,,..,....,......,....i.............,.,......................>..,..............i.........,,......,.,. 2,985
Miscellaneous ..,...,.i................,.,....,............................,.,........,.,.......................,.......................,....... 695 4
Oat hull feed and cane molasses ..........................,.....,...,.................,...............................,»...... 400 ~
_ CHEMICAL STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
_ Minimum chemical standards and regulations of feeds for their
distribution by the industry have been established by the Department `
` for many years. The standards are modified from time to time as ~
. sufficient experimental evidence and conditions justify. The mini-
mum for protein in special-purpose and byproduct feeds is sufficiently .
· high to assure that materials of good quality are used in making them.
Minimum fat requires the ingredients to be from grains that have not
been degermed or improperly milled and excludes excessive fillers of
‘ low fat content. The standard for maximum fiber requires materials
of good quality, excludes excessive fillers and materials of highly
fibrous nature and assures a high percentage of nitrogen-free extract.
, TABLE 2.—CHEMICAL STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS -
1. Chemical Standards Minimum Miqimum Magcimum
t' . , b .
<¤> S*e¤d·¤rd byp¤>¤¤¤*S EZ'?-$$2 pericent percegnt
Alfalfa leaf meal ....................,.,..,...,....,..................... , ..,,,.. . ,...... 18.00
Alfalfa meal .................................................................. 13.00 1.50 32.00 4
Barley, ground ,,,,,_,,,_,,__ _ __,,,,_,__,,_,_________,______,_,,_..,._____,,_ _ _,_____ _ _______ 6_()()
Buttermilk, dried ........................i....i.............. . ............ . ....... 5.00 ........
Corn, chopped. cracked, (screened) ........................ 8.00 3.50 3.00
Corn, chopped, cracked, ground ..................,......,.. 9.00 3.75 2.50
Com feed meal ...........................................,.........,...... 8.00 3.75 4.00
Cottonseed meal, 41% protein .................................. 41.00 5.00 12.00
Cottonseed meal, 43% protein .................. . .............. 43.00 5.50 10.00
Hominy meal, hominy feed ............... . ...........,......... 10.00 7.00 6.00
Oats, ground .............................................................r.... 11.00 4.50 12.00
Rye middlings or shorts ............................._............ .. 15.50 3.50 6.00
Wheat, ground ..................................................... . ....... 12.00 2.00 3.00
l Wheat bran .................................................... . ..... . ....... 14.50 3.75 10.00
Wheat brown middlings or shorts. ..............._._._..   16.00 4.00 7.50
Wheat flour or white middlings or shorts .... . ...... 16.00 3.50 3.50
Wheat gray middlings or shorts ............................ 16.00 4.00 6.00
Wheat low—grade feed flour .................................... 13.00 2.50 1.50
Wheat mixed feed ............................................ . ........ 15.50 4.00 8.50
Wheat red dog (hard wheat) .................................... 16.00 4.00 4.00
Wheat red dog (soft wheat) ...................................... 14.50 3.50 3.50
(b) Special-purpose mixed feeds
Dairy feed ...................................................................... 18.00 3.50 15.00
Hog feed (fattening) ............................. . ........_..._.,.._. 13.00 3.50 7.00
Hog feed (growing) .................................................... 16.00 3.50 7.00

 4 KENTUCKY AGRICULTURAL Exraarmaur STATION
Horse and mule feed ........................................... 9.00 2.50 15.00
Poultry feeds
All-mash broiler ration ................................ 15.00 4.00 6.00
All-mash growing ration ......................... .. 15.00 4.00 6.00
All-mash laying ration .................................. 15.00 4.00 7.00
All-mash poultry ration ................................ 15.00 4.00 6.00
All-mash starting ration ................................ 15.00 4.00 6.00
All-mash starting and growing ration .... 15.00 4.00 6.00 ,
Chick grains ...................................................... 9.00 2.50 3.50
Scratch grains .................................................. 9.00 3.00 5.00
Broiler mash .................................................,.... 17.00 3.50 7.00
Fattening mash ................................................ 13.00 4.00 6.00
Growing mash .................................................. 17.00 3.50 7.00
Laying mash ...................................................... 18.00 3.50 8.00
Starting mash .................................................... 17.00 3.50 6.00
Starting and growing mash ............................ 17.00 3.50 7.00
Turkey all-mash ration ................................ 16.00 4.00 7.00
Turkey growing mash .................................... 17.00 3.50 7.00
Turkey laying mash ........................................ 18.00 3.50 8.00
Turkey starting mash .................................... 18.00 3.50 6.00
Turkey starting and growing mash ........,... 18.00 3.50 7.00
2. General Requirements
(a) In making registrations, care should be taken to make the chemical guaranties .
reasonably close to the actual content of the feed. In other words, arbitrary
guaranties will not be accepted as final.
(b) If a material change is made in the guaranty of a feed, in effect lowering the
value of the feed, the name of the feed must be changed also.
(c) The percentage of protein must form part of the name in all high-protein
materials and special-purpose feeds. Example: 41% Protein Cottonseed Meal.
60% Protein Tankage, 20% Protein Dairy Feed, 17% Protein Growing Mash.
(d) Oil-mill byproducts containing hulls, screenings and similar materials. thus
materially lowering the percentage of crude protein, cannot be called meals,
but may be called meal and hulls, or meal and screenings, or feed, or by some
proprietary name.
(e) Any feed containing less than 9% protein must be called by the names of its
ingredients.
(f) In naming feeds. the terms "feed" and "ration" should be distinguished. A feed
may or may not be a ration. A ration is a complete feed and does not require
other feed to be fed in addition to it.
3. Ingredients
(a) Basic or essential organic food ingredients such as wheat bran. cottonseed meal,
corn meal, alfalfa meal, etc., stated in the guaranty must be in 3% each or
more. If not. the feed will be classed as misbranded.
(b) Vitamin carriers must be correctly listed, grouped together, and total per-
centage given.
(c) Mineral ingredients, generally regarded as dietary factors essential for the
normal nutrition of animals, except bone and kelp, when added to a feed
must not exceed 3%.
The amount of salt in any stock feed, including poultry feeds, should not
exceed 1%.
(d) Condiments and charcoal are not feed materials. However, they are per-
mitted when percentage amounts are given.
(e) Materials primarily medicinal or poisonous in nature are prohibited as in-
gredients in feed.
4. Screenings
(a) Percentage of screenings in wheat feeds and statement that they are ground
must be given.
(b) When screenings are used in mixed or special-purpose feeds, the percentage
must be stated. and the minimum amounts of protein and fat and the maximum
amounts of fiber and ash for such screenings must be stated in the registra-
tion. Samples of such screenings may be required to be furnished on request
by the Department.
(c) If all or part of the immature, broken and light grains and other seeds of
' commercial value have been removed from screenings, the material must be
called "screenings refuse" or "screenings waste."
(d) Screenings must be ground line enough to destroy the germination of all
weed seeds present.
5. Materials of Little or No Feeding Value
(a) Percentage of material of little or no feeding value must be stated.
(b) When organic materials of little or no feeding value as concentrates are used
in mixed or special-purpose feeds, the open formula must be given in the

 Coivuvuaacrar. Farris, 1942 5 i
· registration. The open formula will not be printed on the tag unless there _
is a good reason why it should. The Department reserves the right.
. (c) In mixed feeds, the amount of a material or materials of little or no feeding
value as a concentrate, must not exceed 25% of the mixture.
· 6. False Registration and Cancellation
Improper registration, adulteration or misbranding of a feed not only renders the
offender liable to prosecution, but the registration may be canceled by the
Department.
READ THE TAG
The tag should tell the truth. The best information and pro-
tection the purchaser of feeds has is the tag and the honesty of the
manufacturer. It contains the name and address of the manufac— 1
. turer and his guaranty. The purchaser should read the tag carefully
and study the guaranty. Compare the tag with the record of the
_ manufacturer in the summary of results in the back part of this
bulletin. If his record is good, you can be reasonably sure the feed
. is what it is represented to be on the tag. If his record is bad, then ·
. the feed is likely to be poor.
A feeder who buys on price instead of quality, tho p1·ice is always
I . a factor to be considered, is practicing false economy. A cheap
"yellow tag" feed usually is the costliest feed a farmer can buy,
because of the small amount and food quality of the nutrients and the
A unwholesomeness of the feed.
_ MINERAL FEEDS
Certain mineral nutrients are essential to the health and growth _
A of plants and animals. Plants get their mineral requirements from
the soil. Animals, in turn, get their minerals from plant and animal
I sources, and if additional minerals are needed, they may be supplied
by mineral supplements, such as salt and ground limestone. Most ‘
natural feeds contain the necessary minerals except salt, especially
the minor ones; but if the soil is deficient in minerals, vegetation
grown on it, including food plants, will also be deficient. Where there
is need of additional mineral nutrients, other than salt, such require-
V ments are usually limited to calcium, phosphorus, manganese, and
l ’ iodine. Salt should be given separately. Usually it is not best to put
it into the feed, except for fowls.
Purgatives, worm remedies, medicines, poisons, and tonics are
prohibited in stock feeds and supplemental mineral feeds.
A list of materials generally offered in mineral mixtures, includ-
ing their chemical or technical names and properties, is given in the
table which follows.

 6 KENTUCKY AGRICULTURAL EXPERHVIENT STAT1oN
TABLE 3.—MmERAL AND OTHER MATERIALS USUALLY INCLUDED IN MDIERAL
MIXTURES
 
Common name Chemical composition or properties
technical name
\
Aniseed Seed of the anise Aromatic, carminative
Ashes; hardwood Same. Calcium carbonate and Antacid, calcium nutrient
ashes oxide, and potassium
carbonate
Bone ash Same. Tricalcium phosphate Calcium and phosphorus
nutrient
Bone meal steamed Same. Tricalcium phosphate Calcium and phosphorus
and nitrogenous organic nutrient
matter
Bone black; animal Same. Tricalcium phosphate Absorbent
charcoal and carbon
Blood root Sanguinaria Irritating, emetic
Blue vitriol; Copper sulfate Irritant, emetic, poison
bluestone
Calcite Calcium carbonate Antacid, calcium nutrient
Capsicum; red pepper Dried fruit of capsicum Aromatic, stomachic
Calcium carbonate Same Antacid, calcium nutrient
Cane molasses Cane syrup Sweetening agent, nutrient
Caraway seed Same Aromatic
Charcoal; wood or Same Absorbent
animal
Chile saltpeter Sodium nitrate Diuretic, poison
Cobalt sulfate Same Cobalt nutrient
Copperas; iron sulfate Ferrous sulfate Tonic. astringent
Copper sulfate Cupric sulfate Irritant, astringent. emetic,
poison
Dextrose Refined corn sugar Sweetenirig agent, nutrient
Epsom salt Magnesium sulfate Cathartic, laxative
(crystallized)
Fennel Fennel seed Aromatic
Fenugreek seed Same Aromatic
Gentian Yellow gentian root Bitter tonic
Ginger Same Stimulant, aromatic
Glauber's salt Sodium sulfate (crystallized) Cathartic, laxative
Glucose Com syrup Sweetening agent, nutrient
Gypsum Hydrous calcium sulfate Inert
Iron oxide Ferric oxide Weak tonic
Iodized salt Salt and potassium iodide Iodine. chlorine and sodium
nutrients
Kelp Seaweed Contains iodine, calcium
Licorice Licorice root Adjuvant, corrective
Limestone Calcium carbonate Antacid, calcium nutrient
Linseed oil meal Flaxseed meal Nutrient, laxative
Locust bean; Carob bean Nutrient
St. John’s bread
Manganese carbonate Same Manganese nutrient
Manganese sulfate Same Manganese nutrient
Magnesium oxide Same Antacid, laxative
Milk sugar Lactose Nutrient
Mineral oil Heavy paraffin oil Laxative, emollient
Mustard bran Same Condiment, stimulant, emetic
Nickel chloride Same Nickel nutrient
Nux vomica Same Tonic, poison
Oyster shell Same. Calcium carbonate Antacid, calcium nutrient
Paraffin wax Same Inert
Pennyroyal Hedeoma pulegioides Gentle aromatic
Petrolatum Petroleum jelly Emollient
Phosphatic limestone Calcium carbonate, tricalcimn Antacid, calcium and phos-
phosphate and calcium phorus nutrients
fiuoride
Potassium iodide Same Alterative. iodine nutrient
 
(Table 3 continued on following page.)

 ` COMMERCIAL FEEDS, 1942 7
TABLE 3.-—MINERAL AND OTHER MATERIALS USUALLY INCLUDED IN
· MINERAL MIXTURES—CODtlDu€d -
U Common name Chemical Fomposmon Properties
or technical name
Quassia Quassia chips Bitter tonic
Rock phosphate Tricalcium phosphate, calcium Calcium and phosphorus
carbonate and calcium nutrients. poison
Huoride
Rock phosphate Tricalcium phosphate, calcium Calcium and phosphorus
(colloidal) carbonate, and calcium nutrients, poison
fluoride
Salt Sodium chloride Sodium and chlorine
nutrients, condiment,
preservative
Sulfur Same Alterative, laxative
Sodium bicarbonate Same Antacid ;
Superphosphate Same Calcium and phosphorus
nutrients
Saltpeter Potassium nitrate Diuretic, diaphoretic, poison
Sodium thiosulfate Same. Hypo Antipruritic
Strychnine Same Poison, tonic
‘ Timkagé Same Nutrient
Tobacco Same Insecticide, sedative,
anthelmintic, poison
· Wormwood Absinthium Tonic, anthelmintic
"YELLOW-TAG" FEEDS
A "yellow-tag" feed is one that contains some material of little
or no feed value, known as a "filler." Often tl1e feeder has on his
V place going to waste or he can get near-by at a nominal price, materi-
als as good as the iillers he buys at a fancy price in a "yellow-tag"
feed. Usually the cheapest, poorest materials are put into filler feeds.
» The records of tl1e Department show that most of the violations
of the feed law are connected with "yellow-tag" or filler feeds. Fillers _
i are used more in 16-percent-protein dairy feeds. Of the 61,325 tons
of dairy feeds sold in Kentucky during 1942, 28,000 tons contained
A fillers, or about 45 percent of tl1e total amount of dairy feeds. Over
8,000 tons of fillers were used in feeds during 1942, most of which "
were low in cost and feed value. Allowing an average value of $20.00
a ton, which seems liberal, the 8,000 tons would cost $160,000. This
material which was bought for $160,000 was mixed in "yellow-tag"
feeds which sold for an average of $40.00 a ton, to the feeder, or
$320,000, resulting in a loss to feeders of $160,000 for the year. °This
* represents a tremendous loss to the feeders in actual cash and addi-
tional loss in production, resulting from these filler materials.
Besides a lowe1· level in production by feeding low-quality filler
feeds, a feeder is taking a chance with his stock l>e<·aus<· of the un-
wholesomeness of many of these feeds, and with his land in stocking
it with weeds from undue amounts of unground weed seeds usually
found in screenings and screenings waste used as fillers in feeds.

 8 Kmwrucxy Acarcotrunm. Exrnnimmnr STATION
This may be illustrated further as follows. A farmer can buy
2 tons of a well-balanced 24—percent protein, 4-percent fat, and 10-
percent fiber dairy feed for $94.00 or $32.00 less money than 3 tons of ‘
16-percent protein, 3.5-percent fat, and 15-percent fiber filler or
"yellow-tag" dairy feed which cost $126.00 (wholesale on Louisville
market), with same amount of protein, 50 pounds less fat in the 24-
percent protein feed, but 500 pounds more fiber in the 16—percent
protein feed. This means, for about the same amount of nutrients,
with digestibility and quality much in favor of the 24-percent protein
dairy feed, an actual cost-saving of $32.00. In addition the pur-
chaser would save the freight, cost of bags, tax, and handling on one · .
ton of the feed. The results in feeding no doubt would give a fur-
ther saving.
FEEDERS’ GUIDE A
Feeders have never faced a situation like the present. Now of
all times tl1_e best ability is needed to buy and conserve feed. As much
feed must be grown as possible. lf a feeder can raise legumes his
problem is very largely solved, and if he can raise both grains and
legumes, he will need very little if any high-protein supplement, as
legume hays are rich in protein, certain vitamins, and minerals.
A feeder has several aids to guide him in selecting a feed. He
should never buy a feed that is not labeled with a state guaranty tag.
lie should read the tag carefully and decide from the information
given on the tag whether th_e feed suits his purpose. He can also
safeguard himself by buying from reputable manufacturers who have
good records and make good, clean feeds. He should view with sus-
picion all yellow-tag feeds, as such feeds contain fillers of little or
no feed value. Often he l1as materials going to waste on his farm of
as much or more feed value. Filler feeds are usually the costliest
when the actual feeding results are considered.
If a feeder is in doubt as to the kind of feed his animals need, he
should consult the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station or an
authority on feeds and their use.
DOG FEEDS
There are two general classes of commercial dog feeds: dry and
canned. Because of the prohibition by the government of the use of
° tin in the manufacture of canned dog feeds, comparatively small
tonnage of this class of feed was sold in Kentucky during 1942.
A total of S3 official samples were collected and analyzed, 40 samples

 CoMMERc1Ar. FEEDS, 1942 9 _
` of dry and 43 samples of canned feed. Of the dry feed, 2 were short
in protein, 3 in fat, 1 contained excess fiber, and 1 was misbranded.
Of the canned feeds, 8 were short in protein, 11 in fat, 15 short in net
weight, 11 contained excess water, and 12 were misbranded.
As shownby the analyses in Table 4, the dry feeds often have
three to four times more feed value than certain brands of canned
feeds. Much of the canned feed is made of inferior 1neat and meat
byproducts and vegetables, and contains an excess of water. 2
The popularity of canned dog feed over dry feed is not due to .
quality and economy in cost but apparently to convenience in handling
and feeding. The market price of the better grades of dry dog feed
i of an average of 10 percent water is about $7.00 per 100 pounds, while
_ the average cost of the better grades of canned dog feed of an average V
. water content of 70 to 75 percent is $28.60 per 100 pounds, or about
four times as much as the d1·y feed. To illustrate further, fo1· the
. same amount of food nutrients, with quality in favor of the dry
feed, the purchaser pays more than $21.00 per 100 pounds for water,
container, and convenience in the canned dog feed.

 10
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