xt7djh3d0q0n https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7djh3d0q0n/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 1937 journals 014 English Lexington. Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Regulatory series, bulletin. n.14 text Regulatory series, bulletin. n.14 1937 2014 true xt7djh3d0q0n section xt7djh3d0q0n Regulatory Series, Bulletin No. 14 July, 1937
Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station i I {
j UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY  
* .._. 1
I
. I
By J. D. TURNER, H. D. SPEARS, W. G. TERRELL and l
l L. V. AMBURGEY
CONTENTS I p
Standards ,,,,.. , ..,.., . ,.,.....,,_,...... . ......... 2 Minerals ................,............................. 16  
1iO}J(lSil’(l,llO1`l requirements ............ 4 Special anzllyticill {lata ................ 17 Q
Yellow tag; feeds ____._.__,,_____ _, .,____,,_, ,. G Dog feeds ................. .. ....................... 18 ,
llalanced ration __,,______.._____,,__,._....,. 7 Analyses of dor: feeds .................. 20 5
livaluziting feeds ,,.....,_.............,,..._ 10 Summary of results of in- Y
g llominy feeds _,,..,,,,__,,,__,,.____,......___... 15 spection and analysis, 1936 ........ 31 ' .
. {
t As a result of thc drouth and with the return to more I
  normal economic conditions, there was marked increase in the I
volume of commercial feeds sold in Kentucky during 1936. It is
estimated that approximately 350,000 tons were consumed, an
· increase over 1935 consumption of more than 125,000 tons, and
  at an estimated retail cost to the consumer of more than
S $15,000,000 The sum paid hy Kentucky feeders for commercial
1 leeds, not including whole grains and hays, compared with the
ll. S. Department of Agriculture valuation of livestock in Ken-
tucky for 1936, equals 10.3 percent of the total value of livestock
_, in the State, including poultry.
Tllo heavy demand and high price of feeds created Hlllilll I
unscrupulous competition in the business among certain manu- .  
_ taeturers. Those who adultcratcd and mishrandcd feeds were   I
relt ·  M l
amount a11d, thereby, require a desirable source. The fat it if fmt
  placed at a point to req11irc the use of materials that have not  
I · yy
`l
" 1 ' ‘ - \t

 Commercial Feeds in Kemfucky in 1936 3
CHEMICAL STANDARDS I ·
J· _  ;
‘ 54 ¤ 4-} ¤ J-1 ,.4 4-7 l
eeé e 5 EHS I I
. E *5 2 E ..» 2 ig}; E I
” 2&§ z§£ sed I
I0 J I I I
II  · 1. Standard By-Products: I I
Alfalfa Leaf Meal ,......,..,.,........ . .........,.............. . ....>.. . ....... 18.00 I I
c- _ Alfalfa Meal ........._.,................,.........................,. 13.00 1.50 32.00
II I Barley, Ground .................................................... . ....... . ....... 6.00 I
I Buttermilk, Dried .....................................,........ . ....... 5.00 I ........  
Ie » Corn, Chopped, Cracked (Screened) .............. 8.00 3.50 3.00
_ Corn, Chopped, Cracked, Ground .................. . 9.00 3.75 2.50 ,
l` . Corn Feed Meal ..__,.....,__.....,............................. 8.00 3.75 4.00 `
ye Hominy Meal, Hoininy Feed .......................... 10.00 7.00 6.00 ·
._ · Oats, Ground __________________ I ______,,__,______.____..._____...,.. 11.00 4.50 I 12.00 I
II . Rye Middlings or Shorts ..,............................. 15.50 3.50 6.00 I
I€_  ¥ Wheat Bran ____.,_________,_______.______.____..,........ . ....,,,.. 14.50 3.75 10.00  
Wheat Brown Middlings or Shorts .............. I 16.00 4.00 7.50 I
_ Wheat Flour Middlings .................................. I 16.00 I 3.50 3.50 I
Wheat G1·ay Middlings or Shorts .................. 16.00 4.00 6.00 I
g Wheat Mixed Feed ....................................,....... 15.50 4.00 8.50 l ,
1Q · Wheat White Middlings or Shorts ...l............   16.00 3.50 3.50 ·
ug I; 2. Special Purpose Mixed Feeds; ‘ I 3
C11 i Dairy Feed ______,,..,.,..__________.__............_................. I 16.00 3.50 15.00 I
CII I Hog Feed (Fattening) .................................... I 13.00 3.50 I 7.00 I
  Hog Feed (Growing) ........................................ I 16.00 3.50 I 7.00  
ed ‘ Horse and Mule Feed ...................................... I 9.00 2.50 I 15.00 I
II}  ` Poultry: I
T All—Mash Growing Ration ........................ 15.00 I 4.00 6.00
3sI . All—Mash Laying Ration ,......................... I 15.00 4,00 7.00
, I _ All-Mash Poultry Ration .......................... I 15.00 4.00 6,00
CI _ All—Mash Starting Ration .,...................... I 14.00 3,50 I 5.00
gel _` Chick Grains ...,.......................................... I 9.00 2.50 I 3.50
» Scratch Grains ............................................ I 9.00 I 3.00 I 5.00
, Fattening Mash ,._...____................................ I 13.00 I 4.00 I 6.00
(III  ` Growing Mash ............................................ I 17.00 3.50 I 6.00
I _ . Laying Mash __,.,_........................................ I 18.00 3.50 I 8.00
QI· * Starting Mash ,,,_.____,.................................. I 16.00 3.50 I 5.00
IIIS Y Turkey Growing Mash .,.......................... I 17.00 I 3.50 I 7.00
Turkey Laying Mash ,............................. I 18.00 I 3.50 I 8.00
1 II - Turkey Starting Mash __._.......................... I 18.00 I 3.50   6.00 _
tell I I I I
Illl.   I I
..I_ y 00611 degcrmed mid to exclude the use of excess fillers of low · I
(I .,  I
IIII. j INK content. The slamlmxl on maximum fiber has for its I1ll1`I1I'1$U 5
II>le  _ IO €X0Iu
to   a ton more than in such states. If fillers could he placetl  ' will
on their own merit both in feed and money value, there could he f 
little objection to using them in commercial feeds. But when  ’ that
disguised in whole or in part by other materials and sold ttl   l>l`<>
t feeders at prices not commensurate with their value, such Pl`ilV‘ L lil`?
lice becomes an economic cheat or fraud. . rali
Poisons, especially cumulative poisons, molds, disease g<‘1`lll‘   Sm]
, and injurious materials are more likely to be found in tlller tertii i,  gl"'
ix that contain damaged and inferior grains and waste 1uat‘e1‘i¥ll’·   im`]
2 · `  
I 1  ,
I .

 CO‘lHll'l67'(iI·{lZ Feeds in Kentucky in 1936 7 . p
he 1 Careful consideration should be given by feeders when buying  
. such materials in feeds. p ‘
- BALANCED RATION .  
N Proper breeding and feeding are two most important factors  
Cd e in successful stock raising. They stand in the same relation to  
Og e each other as that of a. heating plant and fuel. It makes little A
ds - rlilference how modern and efficient the heating plant may be, g
N l if the fuel is not of the right kind, the results will be poor. l i
U;   An inverse analogy is true. The fuel may be of the best quality, e
nd but satisfactory results will not be obtained if the heating plant ,
nd   is improperly constructed and lacks certain essentials for its
Hg  ‘ proper functioning. The same is true of livestock. If not well { T
as B bred and of improved strain, quality feeds will not make up for  
ecs. i the inefficiency of the animals. Likewise, the stock may be of  
do j the best breed and type, but if their feeds are not properly bal- L ,
me ?lHCC(i and do not contain the essential materials in adequate j
of 3 amounts the animals will fail in health and productivity.  
ite-   Originally, by a properly balanced feed, was meant one  
;le1'<`
only in exceedingly small amounts as they do not add fuel Villllf i ilml
— i to the diet but act only as a regulatory force of the animal body.  i lllllh
· If the ration provides only enough material and energy to {
sustain the body of the animal while idle, without gain or loss ot . Mod
weight, the animal is considered to be on a maintenance ratiolll  _ hy—]`
lf the animal is expected to work or to produce milk, or iiesllt * the
_ or eggs. or wool, and other useful materials, then a ration ill ` t§l‘&li
excess of the maintenance ration must be used, in proportioll  · Dllrt
to the ability of the animal to produce, which may be called the   ln >
production ration.   Thos
ln the light. of the present knowledge of feed requirement.  - cart
, it is safe to say that a ration is properly balanced when it lllffli ' wk
the following conditions; ‘ mln
First. it should contain sutiicient digestible and Ctlllllllflf  p
proteins of proper quality and kind. To meet this 1'(?(lllll`(‘llll‘lll ._ poie
for the (llfi:(‘1'(‘llt classes of stock, a select and suitable \'2ll`ll`lli   lllll
of materials should compose the ration.  , ing:
t Selfflllil. it sllollld contain proper antonnts of encre}’·  . illlll
producing substances. such as sugars, starch and fats. To #l**lll"` ¥ l"` ‘
this. materials rich in highly digestible nitrogen-free <*Nll`*l"i   mi
, V should be used, and highly Hbrous and trashy materials ll*<"l  ‘
  as fillers in feeds should be avoided. Highly fibrous and trasllf _
li · ·‘ 
3 ’ i  i
I · { f
` ‘ ‘   1 ,

 (.'0mmerciul Feeds in Kentucky in 1936 9
ug  . materials may be high in carbohydrates, but they contain a large '
ds, V percentage of indigestiblc fiber which renders them of much Y
less value than feeds with low fiber (5011f€11lQ and high in , {
,],8  _ nitrogen-free extract.  
thc ° Third, it must contain a proper amount of mineral matter.  
ny A lt is stated elsewhere in this bulletin that most feeds, when 1
Op. i properly balanced, should contain sufficient minerals in adequate ‘  
my amounts, except salt. If good leguminous hays are fed, a defi- ,
,,.O_ l ciency of calcium and phosphorus is not likely to occur. In the l
i, absence of legumes it may be necessary to supply calcium in tl1e T
Hp form of ground limestone, and calcium and phosphorus in the V
,dS_ form of bone meal. j
red · Fourth, it must contain the proper amount of indigestible , i
ipa   fibrous materials, such as is furnished by the fibrous or struc-  
due . tural parts of plants and grains. Such materials as bagassc, rice  
,(\y_ `, hulls and peanut hulls, however, are not desirable in feeds. ‘ ,
·to Fifth, it must contain the vitamins in adequate amounts. V
sof   Modern milling has changed the composition and quality of  
ion.   byproduct feeds in many respects. One of the changes is in  
csh.  V the vitamin content of sonic products. Usually, the germ of i
tin ._  grains, which is the richest in certain vitamins, is removed,
tion , partly or wholly, and used for some other purpose than for feed.
the - In such instances, the vitamin content is greatly diminished in
i,  These by-product feeds, This makes it necessary to use vitamin-
ent.  _ carrying materials such as green materials, sun-cured green-
acts  _ €<>l0rcd hays, cod liver oil, cereal grain germ, yeast, milk and
- milk by-products.
>lt·1•- Y Sixth, it must be free from injurious substances such as
ment V poisons, especially cumulative poisons, disease germs or any
my Z filing that produces mechanical injury. Feeds containing screen- I
hiss Or screenings refuse, carrying poisonous weed seeds, dirt V  
rgy-  _ mid sand, or moldy and partially decayed grains, or rice hulls, I l
sure i or other materials of similar nature, may prove very harmful  
tract -V  to animals and should be avoided.— ‘  
used T ’ _ · V  
ashy V`  ` ¥  

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I
10 Iiemtucky Agricultural E.vpcriment Station t
EVALUATING FEEDS T
` , No feeder can get the best and most economical results unless WP?
I he is able to evaluate his feeds. The value of a feed depends T Qlill
upon that portion of the nutrients which an animal can, under j HU]
ordinary conditions, digest and take into its system for building,  ._ OY  
heat, energy, and repair of natural waste of the body. The wide A 
‘ differences in the productive value of feedstuffs are not only . ami
_ caused by differences in digestibility and in the amount of energy _- UWT
i expended in the process of digestion, but also by ditferences in V UH}
chemical composition. Example; a pound of digestible nitrogen- ° mill
free extract in hays, roughages and highly fibrous materials is ` tial
much less valuable to the animal than a pound digested from  ti nec
feedstuifs such as corn, barley and cereal grains. This is due, Q. are
no doubt, to the differences in chemical constituents. Sugar and _ tioi
· starch being easily digested have a higher value to the animal I. Of]
. than other less soluble compounds. The same is true of proteins  
i and fats. tim
A _ The first step in evaluating feeds is for the feeder to acquire -_ mil
a knowledge of the functions of feed constituents-—protein, I tiv·
fats, fiber, nitrogen-free extract, ash (or minerals), water and . rat
vitamins.  g
T Pro/ein is the most important as well as the most costly con-  i gra
stituent of a feed. It is the name given to organic nitrogenous __  an·
substances essential to plant and animal life. Plants have th0 "  lm
pO\\‘O1‘ (illl`illQ‘ growth of taking in proteiinproducing 5nbstanc€S  ·, ml
from the soil and air and converting them into protein and st01‘-  ° fh
ing it, whereas animals build their protein from that of plants, nn
grains and seeds, or from other animals.  K m'
No other substances can take the place of protein but, undef i th`
certain circumstances, as in starvation, protein may serve as 21  '
source of heat and energy. It may be used to fm-in fat, thus   Su
taking the place of the nutrients, fat and nitrogen-free extr2lGi·  T O1
i But fat and nitrogen-free extract cannot perform the functiml  ` in
of protein. \Vhile fats and nitrogen-free extract are essentifll  ji lh
and important in feeds, usually they are abundant and can be  c in
. had in a cheap form. _]  ih
i * i T
I ‘ l f

 Coirmitercial Feeds in Kcmtucky in 1936 11
. Protein stimulates both appetite and digestion, builds and ·
SS A repairs worn-out tissues, produces flesh, muscle, ligaments, j
is glandular secretion, milk, blood, hair, hoof, hide and is found in , ,
gy - all parts of the animal body as well as in the bones of which 25 ° i
g, or 30 percent is protein. l
le   Different proteins contain different amounts of essential  
ly amino acids, and it is therefore important to select feeding i |
gy V materials whose protein contains sufficient amounts of the essen- ,
in . tial amino acids. Milk, eggs, meat and animal by-product l
H- materials, and certain varieties of soybeans, contain all the essen-
is tial amino acids. Proteins of this nature therefore are very
in necessary for poultry, dogs, hogs and young animals. They 4
ie, · are also very desirable for mature animals in a run-down condi- , ~ l
ul  j tion. However, they are not necessary for general stock feeding  
al _ of mature animals such as cattle, horses and sheep.  
ns { Fat produces heat and energy, its value for such being 2*/L Y
times that of either carbohydrates or protein. Fat also helps to V t
ye ° maintain the normal function of the digestive tract. Compare-  
ln, . tively small amounts of fat are needed for animals, and most I
nd  4 rations contain a sufficient amount.  
_ Fiber is the woody portion or structural part of plants,
in- i grains, and outer grain coatings. It consists mainly of cellulose,
»us . and is the least digestible of feed nutrients. NVhen present in
he ` _P large quantity, it has a retarding effect on the digestion of other
ies g nutrients and is itself only slightly digested by animals. lts
yy. ; chief value appears to lie in its mechanical effect produced in the
ts,  l- intestinal tract. A high percentage of fiber in a feed is a general
P indication that the percentages of essential nutrients are low and
ler   the digestibility is impaired.
;a Nztrngevi-Free E.r1ract is composed chietiy of starch and ‘
tus i  Sllgaf \\‘liich are readily soluble and almost completely digestible. P '
CL , Other materials, such as the more soluble part of the cellulose,    
you   gliil like substances in small amount and less soluble and digest-  
ial   ible than sugar and starch. are grouped with sugar and starch l  
bc A, llU€le1‘ this name, Nitrogen-free extract, and the fzlt p1`OS0l1t in { i
. the feed, are oxidized to maintain heat and furnish energy for j ;  

 in
I
12 ](ea2‘nel·y Agri`cuIt~ural Erperinzent Station i
the production of work. \Vl1ile nitrogen-free extract does not  _ andt
· have as great a power in tl1is respect as fat, it is present in so ` sunsl
l much larger quantities than is fat, that its importance is far  ·» farm
greater. Nitrogen-free extract may be converted into fat in the F  but
animal body and any excess over the immediate needs of the  i greei
body is stored as fat in the tissues. i  had.
· Carbohydrates consist of sugar and starch and related prod- ` i
ucts, such as cellulose and gum. Compounds of this group make Q  Tl101'<
l up the major portion of all plant substances. Their value as a ' {GMS
nutrient depends largely upon the proportion of liber, since liher V
is considered practically indigestible. _  anyl
Ash is the mineral matter or residue obtained when a feed-   conn
stuff is burned and is so determined by the chemist. The per-   sary
ccntage is relatively small compared with protein and nitrogen-  1 detin
- free extract. The ash of clean vegetable material contains `·  thert
y mineral substances which the plant has taken from the soil. `Q  aprt
` Some of these substances are important constituents in feeds.  -
‘ p They form the bony structure of the animal and serve an   or ty
important part in maintaining the normal functions of the A. llow
nerves, blood and secretions of the body. The mineral require- '  grea
ment varies with ditferent ages and kinds of animals. lt is more “ pour
· pronounced in young than in mature animals, and in hogs and   pom
possibly poultry, than in cattle. Some feeds are rich in certain .`  cont:
minerals and deticient in others. lt follows that the same is true `,  the l
of rations. The mineral substance most commonly deficient is I able
calcium. This deticieney can be made up by the use of ground · 42.5
. limestone or hone meal, at a small cost.   ot tl
llruter adds nothing to the value of commercial feeds l>ecan¤<‘·  ~ 48.5
animals receive their main supply of water from other sources.  ·
Any amount of water added to feed, other than that necessa1‘}' " detir
to keep the feed in proper physical condition, reduces the value  J in ft
of the feed by reducing the percentages of the desirable nutrients. . nutr
‘ An excessive amount of water lowers the keeping quality of tl1<‘ _ Stop
feed.  1 depe
lvlihllllylill substances are necessary for normal health, growth   loan
a and reproduction. The vitamin requirements of different 219* _,  tlmol
• ,  .
l Z  L
t ' A f
I p ‘
l
» _ .   A ‘

  I Commercial Feeds in Kentucky in 1936 13 V
>t   and classes of animals differ a great deal. Fresh green feeds and I
so ' sunshine furnish abundant supply of the vitamins needed by I
n· I farm animals. Supplying vitamins is not so difticult in summer, 1 l  
ie -_ but is somewhat different in winter if green-colored hays or l  
ie ; green feeds such as rye or wheat pasture and sunshine are not j
.¤_ had. . l
tl. { In addition to a knowledge of the basic constituents of feeds, A I
{Q Y there are other factors one must understand to properly evaluate l
it ; feeds. Some of the more important of these are; L
er j The mttrients in tt feed. The term nutrient is applied to T
A- any food constituent or group of constituents of the same general l
d- T. coinposition, that aid in the support of animal life. It is neces- p
·r-   sary to know the chemical analyses of feeds, as they give us {
n-  4 detinite information as to the nutrients present. The analysis,   l
ns i therefore, is necessarily the starting point in attempting to put  
il. `V  a proper value on feeds. V . l
ls. _ T/ae ([l.’(t—'tl(l—t}l.fI'{;lj of the vm/rients. Often two feed materials Q
an   or two rations may have practically the same chemical analysis.  
he   llowever, the availability of the nutrients present may differ a .
re-  l great deal. Example: chemical analysis of corn shows that 100 . I
>1'C _j  ]l0llll(lS of corn contains S9 pounds of nutrients, \\`l1el'0aS TOO
nd   pounds of oat-hull feed contains 91 pounds. The oat-hull feed
lin . contains more nutrients, but actual digestion experiments reveal
ne _l the fact that 100 pounds of corn contains 85.5 pounds of avail-
is   able nutrients while 100 pounds of oat-hull feed contains only
Nil A  ii 42.5 pounds of available nutrients. ln other words, 96.5 per cellt
  ofthe total nutrients in corn is available or digestible while only
we i  48-5 per cent of the nutrients is available in oat-hull feed.
*°*· _· The quality of the 7I1(.t}'l·(’7Zf.S'. Chemical analyses give uS .
WY  ;_ definite information as to the amount of the ditferent nutrients 5
lue ,; in feeds, and we are able to judge the source and quality of l l
its. il nutrients by the use of the microscope. The chemical and micro- ' i
the l  scopieal examinations are, therefore, supplementary and inter-  
`  d"ll°ll