xt7n028pfb9n https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7n028pfb9n/data/mets.xml Alabama United States. Works Progress Administration. Division of Social Research Rural Section 1936 65 l. : ill., maps, charts ; 27 cm. Cover title has Research Bulletin (Not for Release). UK holds archival copy for ASERL Collaborative Federal Depository Program libraries. Call number Y 3.W 89/2:13/J4. books  English  This digital resource may be freely searched and displayed in accordance with U. S. copyright laws. Alabama Works Progress Administration Publications Combined farming-industrial employment in the coal and iron subregion of Alabama, preliminary report, prepared by W. W. Troxell, et. al. text Combined farming-industrial employment in the coal and iron subregion of Alabama, preliminary report, prepared by W. W. Troxell, et. al. 1936 1936 2015 true xt7n028pfb9n section xt7n028pfb9n g `\\/’/I,//_ ·-   ~
  UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY x I
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· if COMBINED FARMING—INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT IN THE COAL AND IRON
AQ SUBREGION OF ALABAMA
. ’N Preliminary Report
 
E November 1936 J-4
I
2
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 . {
Permission to publish this bulletin for
administrative use was granted by the Works Progress
Administration. The material contained herein is the -
outcome of a survey of relief problems in areas in f
which part—time farming is of major importance in the '
life of the community. The study was initiated by A
the Division of Research, Statistics, and Finance of
the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and com-
pleted by the Division of Social Research of the Works
Progress Administration.
Prepared by
W. W. Troxell,
L. S. Cottrell, Jr.
and
A. D. Edwards
of the
Rural Section
Division of Social Research
Works Progress Administration
and
R. H. Allen
of the i`
Land Utilization Division
Resettlement Administration W
. — 5
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CONTENTS
Page
W Introduction __%.4,.._,,..,_,.,4._<..4.,T.,,.,.T..., .. `VA. . ..4T.T.4, . ,4.........,..,.,..4.,.T,4,4...,..4,,,.. 1
V Summary ......4...A..4..................4...T,A...,.,4.................A,A....4...,._....,..44,,4....4...T.4...A..._.T.. vi
I. The Coal and Iron Subregion of Alabama ,,A...444....4,.V,.......A,A,......... l
1. General Features of the Subregion A..l.,.....4,.,.,...,...4....V.,.....l. i E
a
2. Iron and Steel Manufacturing .................................................. 5 1
The Industry in Jefferson County ......,................,...... . .... 5
Trend of Production and Employment ................................ 6
Hours and Wages ...................................................................... 11
3. Bituminous Coal Mining I ...... . ...................,............................... 14
The Industry in Alabama ...........................................,.......... 14
Employment and mechanization ............................................ l4
Wages and Hours .......................................,.........,........<........... 17
Labor .........,...........,........................,..,..................,.,................... 17
Seasonal Variation in Employment ..........i.,.............,......... l7 .
4. The Outlook for Employment .........................,.,................,,.....,.. l9
II. Part—Time Farming Activities .,...........,............................................ 21
General Character of Par;—Time Farming ....,.....,................... 21
Farm Production .......................,......................,...,.............,..,........ 22
Gardens ...,..........................................,.........,.........,................... 22 5
Corn .....................................................,,..,.................................. 26 t
Dairy Products .... . ................. . .......,.......,.......,..,,,...,.,_........_,. 26
Poultry Products ............ . ..................................,................... 28
Pork ..................................................,........,................................ 28
Fuel ....,................_.._.....,... .i. .,.,..,....,..,,........ . ,.,.........,............. 28
Cash Receipts and Cash Expenses ...............,.....,.......,.............. 28
Value and Tenure of Past—Time Farms .............,...................... 31
Labor Requirements oi Fart—fime Farms and Their
Relation to Working Hours in Industry ..............,... 31
III. Employment and Earnings .n. ....._.................,................,............ .... 33
The Industrial Group ..............._...............................,.................. 33
Industry and Cccupatior .l. ...._ . ..................,._...................... 33
Earnings oi Heads of Wbiia Households ................................ 35
3_ Earrings of Heads og Yogi: Households .......,..........._.... .1 I 35
I Total Cash lucene ,5 Thiio Hopseholds ......................... . .__.. 39
_ I Total Cash Ircose 1. negyq Households ............. . ............... 42
Charges in Insane ;? {axis Households, l929 to l93é . 42
Charges in Income of Year; Households. 1929 to l934 .. 42 A
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 CONTENTS 2
Page
IV. Living Conditions and Organized Social Life T........................,.. 47
Housing of White Households ....i......V.....i.4..........................`..... 47
Housing of Negro Households .....,...........................................,,. 47
Home Ownership ....,.,,...........,.i,....i..,.i,........................................i... 49
Automobiles, Radios, and Telephones ..................,............,.... 49
Education ......4.4,u4.,........,.,,.`.......`..................................................., 49
Social Participation of White Households .......................... 5l
Social Participation of Negro Households .......................... 5l
V. Appraisal of Combined Farming—lndustrial Employment ............ 55
Contribution of the Farm to Family Living ................,....... 55
Disadvantages of Part—Time Farming ..............................,....... 54
Characteristics Necessary for Success in Part—Time
Farming ..........,........,.r......,...........r..................................... 55
Relief and Rehabilitation ,....,r...,..............,...........,,,,.,,.,.,.,.,.,.. 55
Appendix A
Case Studies of Selected Part—Time Farmers r.........44,......r.,.......... 57
Appendix B
Age Grade Schedule ........,.,...,..,.....................,.....r.............................,.... 54
1
Appendix C I
Schedules ........r.......,....r............r.....r,.,...,........ , ....,.r.....r,.....r...,...,r,..r.....l. 56 §
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INTRODUCTION \
For a long time many people in various paris of the ccuptrg her? made i
their liVlYlg `Lbi`OLI"'}I E1 CO1'AZ]lDi1l&Tj_OIL Of ;`31"iHjH "xjji`; QV Y_F>\’¤*r¤*"* ‘Yw iv"} ¤:rr*· Y*w~-
9 5 gw V1.p~   -.7 -..¤. .... Wg. #..1
ing the pasi five years the ierm payt—iime farming has cone inin gkpe al use in
describing this way 05 making a living or in describing only the fasxing side
Page cf the combixaiicn. Other term; such as subsistence h©m@sic;Gs ¤e#¢e¤ c€L*¤<
and TUF&l—iD5USiIj&l communities have likewise been used. Q; w:sf>*¤ +¥~<= *1
47 has been prcpcsed that these combinations be given public exc;uraqsme;L as m
“`"' Q7 means of imprcving ihc living ccndiiicns and iLcr@asing the ?2crrJ;w cf many
A7 more families. These proposals are varied in charaeier. but in gepernl may
" 49 be classified in three major groups. l
(
"'`` Z2 1. PFOviSi0u cf garden plots for indusirial workers in urdcy Ahai ;r©— {
‘`'' 5l duce from these plots may supplement their income from iuduaiyiai 1
' 51 employment, and aid in tiding them over seasons cf unsmplwymcai.
53 2. Establishment 0f new communities cf families, each to be pypv;q;@
 “ 55 w1th a small acreage on which to raise A considerable pmrbior of
’‘‘‘‘ Eé 1ts food, with the expectation that industries wculé loccxc Lu such
communities a»¤ provide a 0@r»a1m amount 0f supplemenzary cash
5_ income from n©n—farm employment.
..... 0
5 . A . .
--··— 5 5, Settlement cf 1am1l;es on small ?arms near communities in w%i¢b 1w—
dustrial establishments already exist, where they may prvéure 2 c¤n-
57 slderable portion 0f their food and may aisc obtain some cmploymcui ·
····· in the industries.
I
QL In View 05 ike scarcity 0f factual information available {cr
··-·- ¤* use in formulating public policy with respect to such pr0p©;a1s  ihg
Research Section, Division of Research, Statistics, and Fimaucp w? aMg
GC Federal Emergency Relief Administration, in cooperation wixh ih; Laxd 1
.,...   Policy S§C#lOH,'QlViSiOH 0f Program Planning of the Agriculiursl £djus;— !
ment Administration, has unaertaken 2 study of this quastisp. lj Such
public programs as have actually been undertaken have been chiqbiy @5 ihe
second type, hui they are ico new to allow an adequate appraisal cf "wcomes
and living lD the resulting communities. In this ;mv@siiga;1;1 aticniicn
15 dlT€Ct€G toward families that have already made combinations such as
might result from the first and third types, Following popular usage iis
hsacs cf these Families will be referred to as part—tLm@ farmers. meaning
that they spend par? cf their time operating a farm and pari ¤* *Leiy Time
at some employment away from this farm. Their farms will be r¤f¢rred 10
as part—t1m@ farms and their activities 0n them will be caTle6 u2y·—#tme
farming. '
The principal objectives Of this study are:
]' TO déqcyiyg :X:Qt:p + ,., :· 1-,. 1 ,·· , ; . * .· · w
~ -J - -~ ..g Lypeb 0; COmOluGQ ;a;m—;n¤us;r;a; eup;¤wmeLi.
g/ Since the study was undertaken, ihe former agency h;é—g;g;;;ui§;_Di;;$10;__—
OI Social Research, Works Progress Admi;isira1;©1, ;1@ Li; L:;;er has bLr;yg
the L&nd Use Pl;nn;mg Section. Land Uiili2c1;¤u Div;;;aL. R~<# ¢*>weri >d—
. ._L _. N T L_ W _ _ _"  . . . ` “~“"““` ’‘’‘ "
m1n1s»raL10;. ;he sbudy wa; beeg couiznuem ey Lnese ;gen;;;;
_ i _
 
>

 Q, Tc ;ny;aT;; tht h;;ciiis and dxsadvautages of Lbe&& existing tyye;_
Z. Lo ‘@ia.,i;e the pm;sihilitLe$ for further d¤v@l©pmcut 0f deaiyable
Term 1;-;.d;;tvju1 e;vtihati©us; in particular, to appraise the
EXLCDY to xiigh these ucwbinations might be utilizud it u reLaLJii»
tuiiou prog mu.
tp uydev to reach thcxw main 0bje©L*ves, answers were sought in
the fcilcwing questions;
1. Whit l;ud_ buiidingz, and equipment dw axietimg p&?t~time farming
units Lava?
2, W¥rt rrn ih; iuhmr requirements and cash expenses hf thehe fetus?
3. Whht Us tkcsc f8fT$ produce for home use and jc? sale?
4. What ihdugtyial employment is, Or may become, available for ©0m~
hinaiioh with farming?
5. Whnt @;© Lbs labcr requirements and wage scales nf these industries?
6. What living ucpditicns are aseociated with these farming»iudustriai
cembipatizhe, and how do the p&rt—tim© farmers compare in this respga
with cther groups ut the same occupatichal levels?
7. What are the characteristics Of persons and f@milia$ adaptable tg r
cnmbiuntioh mf farming with industrial employment?
it xs evident that OL5W6TS tc these questions must be given by
region; wwe; nb;©h relatively homogeneous conditions prevail. Accordingly
it was decided to uudcrtaka this study first in one $uch rugiou 20 that
the experience thus gained could be utilized in further studies in other
regions. The region selected was the EaStern Cotton Belt. Two factors
gcvcrnéd its choice: (1) it is QH area in which the need for a scuné
rural rehabilitation progvam is beth urgent and widssprsad, an& (2} indtaw
trializatiwu has been ccmpurativaiy recent and part—tim@ farming h&S not 3
Lean devel pad as wxicusively as in Some 0f the older 1HdUSiFI&l region:.
The study tvs been limited to the three states, South Cayclima, Gcorgii,
and Alabama, which comprise m©$t of the eastern and 0f the C0ttOn Belt. if _
In this investigation secondary sources 0f information were fir: _
explored. The Bureau 0f the Census cooperated in making special tabulatiu q ,
Of Census 06 Agriculture aud Census 0f Manufactures data. A field study ‘.‘- ;
undertaken 6uvirg the suwmer 0f 1955 to provide the additional factual ini »~ ;
muticu needed iu thc auaiysis. It included schedule study 0f a sample Of
purt~tim¤ fa~m Entities ard a sample 0f n0h~farming industrial employees. ”
misc imuludeé nu iuepectiou 0f the areas in which enumeration was done and ;
0f iudusiiial esta li$hmcnts, as wéll as interviews with employers. public E
Officiulsl and othér informed persons. 1
i
MmlU;LTLi?H of industrial employment in this region iud3caL@S ilr y
xcccssgty Sus diiiditg it iuto subregiohs iu each of which a different 1yPt _
Lf iv@t& IY pr¤`¤=i¤¤ Of wif-
le L* F time farm families wee confined to the section extending from Birmingham
scuthwestward to Bessemer including Fairfield. Woodward. Pewderly, and
the adjacent suburban area (Figure 2). This includes 2 large part of the
Lvew b? area in which the iron and steel workers 0f the ceuufy live; likewise ii
G®?@l¤%l¥ includes the residences of most ef the workers in lhe ircn mine: Of 4
O ih&¥ Red Mountain and of many Of the coal miners whe w®rL in ihe wines Of the
m eiher opposite ridge. The entire area of approximately lG0 square miles is
`&GYOY$ more urban than rural in character, and includes only 0 few ecsllered l
ecuné full—time farms,
2} lndvse ‘
hee HG1 U In ihe area described, information was secured frew families §
region;. that in l€54, (l) operated ai least three—quarLers of an acre of iillable Q
Qeergia, land and/or produced farm products valued at $50 or mere, and (2) whose
1 Belt. l/ head worked at least 50 days off the farm. Only fheae families that had
operated the Same farm during beth l933 and l954 were lneluded. This
were firr limitation was intended to exclude part—time farmers who were juef geiiing
tabulaiic 5 established. All professional awd proprietary workers excepi small
Ld study g storekeepere were excluded since a different set cf ccnelderewiexs is
iciual ini ~ involved in the case of "gentlemen farmers."
samele of
nplgyeee. ° Records were taken from 204 white families ari E24 Negro
3 dgng Qld familieS in ihiS &F€& that mei ihe &b0ve requirements. This is far from
rs, public a complete count ef all such families in the area covered. but is a
representative sample Of the types cf situations thai Oecur. The group
is composed predominantly ef regular workers in ihe mixes end mills who
dicaLes twi produce some farm products fer their ewn use.
f6f€¤>‘¤ we ...._.._........ L_é.l__..._.&.._.-_.___
trlal empl f~ l/ The fifet iwe reports dealt with combined f&rmiLg—iudu$irial emplcymemt
. lnduetri in the Cotton Textile Subregicm (W.P.A. Research Billeiise J—l and J—2)
  and the third report covered the Atlantic Ceest Subregivn &W.P.L. Re-
glggggrwl seaiei Bulletin J—5). Subaequeni reports will cover Mba ether ertregions.
areas.
— iii —

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 SUMMARY
The principal industri@$ of Jefferson Counzy — ccal mining, iron
mining, and iron and sieel manufacture — were severely affected by the
depression. Aside from general uxemploymemi, the “spread work" system in
effect in many industries during the depression reduced iis hours of labor
for the great majority vhc were employed. T0 supplement reduced earnings.
many families resorted to gardening and scme livestock pr¤ducT1cn. Thus
part—time farming, while not a new development in this area. has increased
considerably during the depression. Approximately cne—h&lf of the white
part—t1me farmers and nearly three—f0urihs of the Negro part—t1me farmers
included in the survey had taken up part~iime farming since 1928. This
development has been encouraged by the garden programs Of the large employers.
In this, as in the other sub-regions where pari—t1m@ farming
has been studied, families were able to make a cowsiderable contribution
to the family income by farming activities. But in no case were the farm-
ing activities 0f the families included in the study cn 2 large enough
scale to make families self—supp0rting. An income frcm industrial employ-
ment was essential.
The demand for labor in this area, however, is not likely to
attain previous high levels even with considerable buSiness recovery.
Hence the chances for those mcw unemployed ic get enough wcyk to become
self-supporting in the near future by part—tims farming are slight.
Among the entire group 0f white part—t1me farmers, the relief
load was at approximately the same level as among the n0n—f@rming workers.
The proportion receiving relief was somewhat lower among those who had been
established as part—timc farmers for Five or six years. The relief load
was highcr among Nsgrc p&ri»fime farmers than among the u0¤—Farwing indus~
trial workerz. This is at least partially explained by The fact that many
0f these par%—iimc farmers worked in a steel mill ihat was shut down more
than half the year, and furnished less employment ihan the average for the
various groups studied.
Many of the industrial workers in ihis efee are rluziersd together
iu company V1?1€g€S, mill iorna, 2nd mining carp;. H‘ue; lot: are usually
about 50 x ICG feei, and hence aifcrd little 0pp©rKuni;y f¤r forming activi~
ties. The f&TWLEg must often be icio ~; small pl©?¤ of la·&4 0wme& bv The
large indusirial employers and l0c?ted at some dis*2;ia {FJD ihe sesiéence.
Sixty percéni G? the white p&ri—i5we f¤rm¢rs and FC per;cnx GJ *he Yegrces
cultivated Eésé +bar ins sr& cns~b;‘? acres 1F crc; *¤n5. The small size
Of the p&rL~ij¤@ Faris. &nd {hc fac* Ykaf many cf ih¢$; txgagei in farming
activities expte;ssd a éesire for more lend, 1;&L;eLei 3hei land wear the
industrial and wiring zeiilezent; was ini readiig aveilgble {cr farming.
Sinvs the pari—tim@ farm families lived w;i¤in an avka cf metro-
politau in§luemc>, they did not ;wff€r from ibv lzgk cf modcta urban facili-
ties. As CCHQET?5 viih a gisup G? v©i—f&rmin; ?w7; Lr1al wmrkeys in the
same ave;. the iirses 0F ¢h[ie ge t—Iire ?E”KgTE 0 e Ggef ¢IféLily larger.
more G? them cwiai 2EiGfVEiEG?, vii Th? pi©p0*1j‘; ;‘ Eine i ·`¤,· Larskip was
higher. There ·.·;· ei av ;pprz:;2bja dificvence L¤,¢ gr Q; €,g ggxiiticns 0f
Negro fain ng aid ma;-fa¢mQ;g =.·, »¤:k;rS.
..Vi..

 The average family income from industrial employment of white
households declined 46 percent, from hl,577 to $848, between l828 and l€&_
Eightyeseven percent of the l954 family income was earned by the head of
the household. The average earnings of Negro families from industrial eng
ployment was reduced more than one—half, from $975 in l92Q to $4ll in Fax,
The average earnings of the heads of households were $583 in l954.
A representative white part—time farmer with a good garden anc
cow produced farm products with an estimated value to the family of SETS.
A Negro part~time farmer, with a small poultry flock and a garden, prodr gi
farm products with an estimated value to the family of $l23. This oontr‘~
bution, although small, was of considerable significance considering tht
low total earnings of l954.
Cash farm expenses for white part—time farmers, exclusive of wr;
and taxes, averaged $75. Slightly more than one—half of the white part—
time farmers sold no farm products. For Negro part—time farmers, cash 3 w
expenses, exclusive of rent and taxes, averaged only $15. Only l0 perce;
sold any farm products.
Gardening was the most important single farming activity founE
among the part—time farmers, but 85 percent of the white part~time farmsr
kept livestock of some kind. Poultry was kept by 82 percent of the whit
farmers, and by 59 percent of the Negro farmers. Cows were kept by 5l p
cent of the white farmers, but by only lO percent of the Negro farmers.
Pigs were kept by 27 percent of the white farmers and by 29 percent of
the Negro farmers.
White farm families spent between four and five hours per day
working on the farm during the growing season, and Negro families bets;
six ard seven hours a day. Much less time was spent in farming activii’
during the remainder of the year. The heads of Negro households did a?‘
half the work, those of white families somewhat more than half, éltnovV
this represents a considerable amount of work, they had ample time to F
it because th;~e ¤as .-,* so much under—employment during the period studio .
— vii -
\
Y 5 T 
S

 ite I. THE COAL AND ZRCK $UE?ESlCK
5 ]Qjy OF ALABAMA
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