xt7pg44hp424 https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7pg44hp424/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 1940 journals kaes_circulars_003_345 English Lexington : The Service, 1913-1958. Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 345 text Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 345 1940 2014 true xt7pg44hp424 section xt7pg44hp424   .3
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COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE I  
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Extension Division .€ -_    
VQ . ·
THOMAS P. COOPER, Dean and Director    
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, · CIRCULAR NO. 345 ina.   I
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. COMMON HOUSEHOLD INSECTS   ;
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Agrlculture. and dj fly] · { th mn 6 of the work rovided for in thv Act 01 C°n‘ {4  
gm s buted m ur e c D ,  
SS °f May 8, 1914.  
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Circular N0. 345 .    
COMMON HOUSEHOLD INSECTS    
By W. A. PRICE      
{ VVCA l _, _  
Household insects are a source of great. annoyance and loss to    
many people in Kentucky. This is indicated by the large number    
of requests, received almost daily, at the Kentucky Agricultural if-»r  
Experiment Station, for information about control measures. In-    
quiries arise only where problems exist. Promptness in recognizing fp. ii; Ql
and solving these problems will prevent much worry and loss. This [ji;-_ }
is especially important in view of the fact that household insects. ijQ_y}
in addition to their attacks on individuals, buildings and their con-   t_‘  
tents, sometimes carry dangerous diseases.  
nousm runs  
Flies commonly found in dwellings in Kentucky develop largely  
in the manure of farm animals and in refuse from the home. On   ''';  
account of their habits of visiting filth, flies are important carriers  
af typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, and other diseases and para-  
sites of man. In the home, they are repulsive and annoying in addi-  
non to being direct sources of loss thru their tendency to befoul · 
windows, woodwork, fixtures, wall paper, pictures and hangings.  
Ul? History and Habits. As a usual thing, the house flies pass  
the winter in the adult stage, however, they can winter as pupae and  
as full-grown larvae in manure piles and similar locations which  
afford protection against low temperature. In the adult stage, they  
are usually found in the winter in cracks and crevices about the  
house. Loose—f1tting window and door frames offer good wintering  
quarters. As warm weather begins in spring, flies come out of their  
winter retreats and for egg laying seek decaying substances which i · 
MC ¥lVi¤g Off a small amount of ammonia. Favorite materials in  
which to lay eggs are horse manure and decaying vegetablé m3U€T-  
gitpvever. they also readily deposit eggs in excrement of other  
nestic animals and in human feces.  
Each female is capable of laying during her lifetime more than  
 
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  4 Kentucky Extension. Circizlnr No. 345
  .
l   2,000 eggs. These may hatch into larvae in 8 hours under favorable
    conditions of moisture and temperature, tho 24 hours is the usual as
    time for incubation. The white larva, or maggot, feeds on the ah
  material where the eggs were laid and often becomes full—grown ig
  in only 4 or 5 days. At the end of this period, it moves to a dry part Us
  of its surroundings, or into the soil, where it pupates, or passes
  into a quiescent stage, which lasts from 4 days to several weeks.
  when the adult fly issues. lt is full—grown and no increase in size,
lt  due to growth, takes place during the remainder of the life of the
  l insect. Little flies do not develop into big flies. I,
  Under optimum conditions, the fly may develop from egg to  
  adult in about 8 days; however, 10 to 14 days is the usual period in rl
  mid—su1n1ner. Adult flies have been kept in captivity for about? ai;
  months. In the winged form, they feed on liquid or semi—liquitl
  substances, or upon materials that are readily liquehed in the saliva "f
  of the fly. A list of such foods may include human feces, excreinent
  of domestic animals, sugar, molasses, honey dew, and vegetable
gif matter.
  Control. Cleanliness is essential in combating the ily nuisance.
  Flies may be expected where there is available food or favorable l
    breeding material. To eliminate this pest, remove both conditions.
i.;  Since breeding takes place in manure, garbage, sewage, food wastes,
  human excrement, and other organic waste materials, prompt TC- sim
`IY  moval, treatment or destruction of these is important. Manure
 l should be hauled and scattered thinly on fields daily. lf it is not
  possible to do this, a trap may be used to destroy most of the mug MP
  gots without depreciation of the fertilizing value of the inanu1‘€» wm
 Q Such a trap can be made by simply piling the manure upon a Sl¤l‘ Ulm
  ted platform above a cement basin containing water, If the 1naHU1'€ mm
  is kept moist, the full-grown larvae, seeking a dry place to pupZ1l€» xm
  fall into the water and drown. A platform l0 by 20 feet will fi1l<€ was
  care of the manure from four horses for a period of 4 months ll Um
  Call be made with 2 by 4 inch timbers placed 2 feet apart, over \\’lll€ll {md
  are nailed l-inch strips spaced % to 1 inch aparh The platl`01`l“ one
  stands about l2 inches in and above a cement vat 4 or 5 inches (lC(’]l· {Um
  The vat should contain 2 inches of water. It should be clcal`€€l Olll mm
  once a week and the debris thrown back onto the platform. i-Cm
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Common. House/wld Insects 5 1 1
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I Garbage should be stored IH Hy—t1ght containers until sucl1 [lITl€ { E
lsua 1 . . 1 1
the as 1t can be destroyed by bur111ng or bury111g. Carcasses of animals j  
also should be burned or buried to a depth of 2 feet or 1110re. Priv- l j
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an 1es exposed to flies should be treated regularly, or better, after each " T
P usage, with chlorinated lime or borax. j  
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[ rc. FIGURE 1. A. trap for house ny maggots in stable manure. The manure is piled 011 a   _  
Smled Fuck which stands in a shallow concrete basin containing 2 or 3 inches of water. 1, M J
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1101 . . . . . . 1 1 5
mg All dwellings, nnlk houses, a11d other l)Lllld1I]gS where food 1S 1   lj
* . , 1.,. ·.’· *1
um MPL Should be well screened. Care should be taken to see that 1 · jg
Slab “md0W SC1`CCns and screen doors ht Llglllly enough to prevent ll1es , _·  
wm “m€l`l1lg‘. ll {lies l1ave already gained entrance to the house, they   _§
. , . . . . . 1 ‘ ».‘‘·‘ .1
me md) bc killed by swatting, spraying or poisoning. A fly swatter   gl
J . . . . . , 41
mk; *ht>11ld he readlly avznlable 1n the house at all times durmg the {ly   ji
It MS011. Several poison baits are in use, perhaps the 1ll0SL CO1lllll0lll)*' l       
Lid] 111111 011e is made by diluting % pint ol milk with M2 pint of W2ll€l`   T ,1A,  
mm and ailfllllg 3 teaspoonfuls of fresh (Y()ll1l]l(jl`Cl2ll li01`1llHll1l. AHOUICY  §,,,’j`  
- . . 1 1*7 ..,.  
‘111¤ that 15 ec uall1 ood 1S made bv addin 1* the same Zl)ll()U1][ ol 1.;. ,  
  [ ` > g / & I .;_ {I1
Om ‘”mHl111 solunon to 1 pint of water in which has been dissolved l   1
OUHCC ol brown sugar, The solutions can be expOSC(l lll SllHllOW   V.
~l ,..1 ·l¤T'*’i
'°°°l>l¤€lcs, such as saucers or pans, 111 which PICCCS ol bl`CZ1Cl h3\'C 1_  
E V    
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  li /(entire/c · lixtwtsion Circular No. 349
V 1
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l I been placed. Another favorite method ol exposure is to fill a drink-
i   ing glass with the formalin bait solution, place a circular piece ol l>¤‘
Q   blotting paper, larger than the opening of the glass, over it; invert lim
E ‘| . . _‘
an a saucer over the blotting >a >er and then turn the whole device W
.·—4 ° .
1· ttpside down and insert a match under the edge ol the glass to admu
  IQ air. wet
  Many commercial fly sprays are now on the market, most ol ant
l   them made ol rehned kerosene in which is dissolved an extract 01 anla
  pyrethrum. \/Vhen properly made, these sprays are effective in kill
[lr  ing flies. Usually they are applied with a small hand atomizer. UPC
`?:‘ Flies that dro > to the lloor alter an a > >lication should be swe Jt ui ll .
  1 1
Q] and burned. hm
  Fly traps are useful in reducing the number of flies. Satisfactory
  ones can be purchased or made at home. As a rule, the larger ono
  are more effective. Farmers Bulletin No. 734 gives details for the ·
QQ construction of the one shown in ligttre 2. The materials necessztry Hm
  are 4 wooden barrel hoops, l barrel head, Z1 laths, a few strips wl ill"'
  %, inch box lumber and 8% lmeal feet ol screen 24 inches wide. mf
t~;— , lltex
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ir)  ·=-.@.z;;;·l·»  miii¤.·s*l ;a§llt;§42t“ ll>L·lll`
  _ _ _ _ _ . l‘lIt)
  ol WZUCI`, <>l` kl m1Xtt1re of equal parts of l)rown sugar and ll1€ Ullll _f“"
_ , . _ _ . I v_ · wl |
  ol S· mlm I (
_·—,. _ _ 1115 ,
QU; baits should be placed beneath the cone of the trap. ( N
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Common House/wld [meets I 7   `V*A    
li ‘ l
mp Fly papers are useful in catching flies in the house. They may   ii`’  
3 OI he purchased, or prepared at home by heating 2 pounds of rosin  FE  
vm and l pint of castor oil. \lVhile hot, this combination is smeared   —  
mc with a brush on ordinary paper.   i  
init Electric fly traps are now available and under proper conditions    
seem to operate satisfactorily. Electrilied screens mounted on doors -   if V. 
. ol and windows may also be obtained. They are particularly well   `_  
t ol adapted for use in restaurants and bakeries.    
kill- The fly nuisance in cities and towns will depend a great deal    
ZC11 upon the competence of inspectors in having manure, garbage and     1
l1|¤ other refuse moved and destroyed promptly. The problem on the  
funn is one for the individual.   fi
on ' i- IY-l»..’l
mc; MOSQUITOES    
[hc Mosquitoes are really a kind of small Hy differing from house  
mv llics in size and in their power to "bite". They are no more abun-  
S U] tlnnt today than they were a century ago; but we are paying more  
illlelltion to them now than formerly because we now know that  
lllC}‘ may carry such dreaded diseases as malaria and yellow fever.  
(lf the 400 or more species in North America, 60 are found in the  
United States. At least 35 species have been reported in Kentucky.  
lo far as known, only l species is concerned with the dissemination  
lll Yellow fever and only 4 with the spread of malaria.  
Life History and Habits. The details of the development of the  
(llll€l`e1lt mosquitoes will vary somewhat with the species. HOWCVGI`,  
_ §UllCl`?llly speaking, they are all much the same. For purposes ol  
lllll5ll`2lLi0n, the life cycle of the common house mOSql1lLO will l)C  
ll*@(l· ll breeds in almost every place where fresh water is fOUIl*>l>. roadside ditches, rain barrels, cisterns, tin cans, watering  
wm 'l`**llg‘l1s, and other receptacles.  
Dm ·\ends unon ten1 Jerature, [ood su 111 1, and otl1er condi- l°
l l l ll l
gi. tions, but usually 1t lasts 5 to 10 days.
  lm
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{  FIGURE 3. Three stages in the life cycle of the mosquito; egg mass, in upper ¤€m“·
jx  larvae, at right, pupae, at left (enlarged). all
gi? po
if  . . . . . {
  Alter l)CCO1Il1llg lull—grown as larvae, the insects pass 11110 mr tai
if?  otl1er sta re called 111 1ae. Ther live in tl1e water witl1 tl1e l€11`\`ilV le;
gx  5 l l l _
if  and are olten mistaken lor tl1e latter because they are active, Wflgglli
  about i11 tl1e water and rest 11ear the surface, They may be Cllr by
  tinguished, however, by tl1e fact tl1at tl1e breathing tubes are localw oil
 [ 011 tl1e thorax in tl1e pupal stage and there are two ol them, wlléll ltei
ljfy  as 111 tl1e larva there IS o11e tube located near the tip ol the 2ll)(lOlllUl‘ C21!
  lll tl1e pupa, tl1e head is very large a11d the body curved. The pllllil to
  at rest has tl1e head near tl1e surface of the water with the tail hm]? mt
~—..  . . . . . , __ .
` _ lllg down. Tl1e opposite is true ol tl1e larva. Alter ;> or 6 days, [lll lm
_}  skin 011 tl1e back of tl1e pupa splits and the adult mosquito g1`€*(l“' FCS
  ally works its way l.lll`ll tl1e opening. Tl1e cast skin serves as Pi Tall WH
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Common Household Insect.: o     -_'__  
n 24 upon which the emerged adult rests while drying its wings in pre- jjj V  
paration for its flight to food and perhaps to another breeding    
ghcsc place. As a rule, our Kentucky mosquitoes do not Hy far—seldom   V`'‘  
mrm more than a-few hundred yards.' So when mosquitoes are present it  W  
Of H is an indication that their breeding place is nearby.   L  
[ubc The male mosquito is a vegetarian, feeding largely upon the   `J 'ij
who sweet juice of plants. Only the female sings and bites. At the time `   ·  
I [hc of biting, an irritating substance is injected into the wound. This    
;Wim_ causes a sensation of itching and soon the area affected turns red,    
h mc becomes inflamed and often results in considerable pain. The itch-   if  
re Sc, ing may be relieved by the application of dilute solution of am-     1.
wml monia, a 5 percent solution of carbolic acid, a l percent alcoholic    
Omg lotion of menthol, or plain water as hot as can be borne. an il j‘"i  
Control. No satisfactory method of destroying adult mosquitoes ·  
has been devised, hence our efforts to control this pest should be  
  directed against the egg, larval, and pupal stages. Most practiced  
fj, methods of control fall into three general groups: drainage, water  
  ` treatment, and the use of fish.  
Drainage is the most desirable means of combating mosquitoes  
because it is permanent in effect. It removes one condition neces-  
sary for the development of the pest; namely, water. Often it is  
possible to drain, with comparatively little expense, marshes and  
swamps near dwellings. Also small pools can sometimes be elimin-  
cum ated by dumping a few loads of dirt in the low spots. \Vherever  
possible, these expedients should be followed. Buckets, barrels.  
o au- tanks, crocks, tin cans, and other receptacles should he emptied at  
aryat least once each week.  
rigglt Water which cannot be drained may be rendered mosquito-free  
e dit- · by applying a thin Hlin of oil to the surface, using about l pint of  
manet! oil to each 200 square feet of surface every 10 or 12 days. Ordinary  
tliert- kerosene is very effective when used in this manner, or used crank-  
>mcn. case oil, adding l gallon of cresylic acid to each 100 gallons of oil  
Pubs to make a cheap and effective material for treating water to kill  
h¥1“¥` mosquitoes. These oils kill plants and fish and render the water  
,5, tht unpalatable and obnoxious to other animals and leave an unsightly  
yratllf residue. \tVhere oils cannot be used because of injury to plants and  
a 1-aft waterfowl, some ]))’I`€[hI`UIU l3l`\’iCid€S may be employed with satis-  
t 2.:

 l
tl
    10 Kentucky Extension Circular No. 345
ill
  l faction. Water to be used in the laundry but not for drinking, can (
  be kept mosquito-free permanently by adding 2% ounces of boras ll
{ ; per gallon. li
    Ornamental pools can be kept fairly free of mosquitoes by a
  stocking them with top-feeding minnows (Gambusirt affinis recom- M
  mended), goldfish, and other kinds of Hsh that feed on the larvae [1
  and pupae. lf fish are not able to reach the margins of the pool.
Q , because of growing plants or shallow water, the efficiency of this
i  l method of treatment is reduced.
  Complete screening of the house with 20—mesh screen gives good
  protection indoors. The mosquitoes in the house may be killed by
· —.·`i spraying with commercial oils, particularly those containing pyro-
  thrum. A certain amount of protection may be had out—of-doors ln}
  the use of household sprays containing derris or pyrethrum. Tlltsr
  materials are applied to the clothing, chairs, and other objects near
yi. the place where one wishes to sit.
  CARPET BEETLES _
  Carpet beetles, sometimes called "buffalo moths" are the sourcr
  of considerable damage to clothing and to household furnishing~
    containing wool, fur, hair, leathers or other animal substances. Thr
    injury is caused by the larvae which make small holes in fabrics and
  eat the nap from woven articles leaving the foundation bare. _
  Several species of carpet beetles are found commonly in KUN-
  tucky. The adults are small beetles about 1/5 inch long, ranging ill al.
  color from solid black to gray or brown-spotted. The larvae arf h,
  very hairy, brownish or blackish and, when full-grown, less than   ui]
  inch in length. They are blunt at the head end and taper toward D,
  the tail. lh
  Life History and Habits. The adult beetles, capable of SIYUUQ dr
  flight, are attracted to sunlight. They are seen commonly crawling in
  about on window sills in late spring. On such excursions, mati¤§ cr;
  occurs and soon thereafter egg laying starts. Each female may lar tlc
  60 to 100 eggs. These are placed promiscuously about the house. br
  usually in such places as floor cracks, about baseboards, and in inl
 Q clothing and upholstery. The eggs hatch in about 10 days and the ra·
  small larvae begin to crawl about, feed and develop to matl11”l["· cle
 Z
  -

 l . 5
Common Household Insects II 1    
1 r f
§» Gm Growth in this stage requires usually 10 to 12 months, sometimes    
bowl longer. During this period, they cast their skin several times. Un-   jg {
like the adults, the larvae shun the light and seek darkened places   ` f
ES bl along the carpet edge, beneath baseboards and in articles long in   l
ecom- storage. After the larvae become full-grown, they pupate and soon i »'-t· l  
3Y"¥*<‘ thereafter adults appear. There is usually one generation a year. _ [ ·  
pool, / jr r
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f this »\,_   _\_V \ \i\ O   { V  
._ p \`¤\§§.1~WQ///     . 
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good   ,;.sr_¤j ·J,géh,,  ,  l" -€l
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l am Fmmu: 4. Lurva of the furniture carpet beetle tenlargedr ·?¥l¢·’r L-.,,_g
 
· - . . , · -j.!,~~‘i·€ag2·4
KL?] Control. Control may be divided mto two ph21s€s, [¤Y€\€¤U0¤ ;_;p;~a¢ 
lll , . . . .     fg .
lg and extermination. Under the former, the importance of good  
= 2l1`€ . -   if
. I housekeeping should be stressed. Keep all closets, drawers, chests.  
.n   air registers, and other places about the house free of dust and lint. r; 
Zlli . - ° ;. W 2F;·_.l" _:
w Do not store unprotected, in the attic, basement, or elsewhere in  
. ’ ' . Z.$r·€;*;'I.
the home, any woolen goods, leather, bristles, feathers, hair, silk,  
· . . . hifi, ’ ·,’· ? ¤
ron? dried meat, insect specimens, stuffed animals or fur. Close all cracks  
~’lmS in the floor, around the baseboard and quarter round with a good  
' . . ·  
mngt crack-hller. Do not permit floor coverings, draperies, blankets and    
J lm clothing to remain long undisturbed. Frequent sunnmg, beating,  
mic l”u$h1¤§, and vacuum sweeping will be very helpful m preventing  
F1 Ln infestation. Carpets and rugs should be cleaned on both sides. The  
E · . ·  ’» ,;’,`..;’_.§ -·
  xacuum sweeper should be emptied after each operation and the  
·_ . _ . . _ ,  { ;,.EY·.:?j‘
rm debris burned promptly. Clothing stored in tight trunks. b0x€>  
):».'· 0
·;>:.rT·‘ 2
g ,  gn
 

 l.
}
E
il
  I2 /(m1/1u:/ty lfxtcnsion Circular No. 345
 
  and closets can be protected by using paradichlorobenzene or flake ul
E   naphthalene, at the rate of l pound per trunk and a similar amoum U-
iii, for everi 20 cubic feet of closet s >ace. \rVhen used in trunks and
FE 4, ) I
  boxes, the chemical should be put between thin sheets of paper o1 P,
lf? tied u J in st uares of cheesecloth, >laced at various levels amon r the I
_ I l l s ll
li stored articles. ln closets, it ma [ be scattered on the shelves or tied ,
k. _ ) _ ll
 . in cheesecloth and hun· in the uner art of the closet. Either
F 8 ll P pi
F? material should be t1sed liberally and a fresh supply added to li,
 f closets and other containers before the last cr rstals of the chemical H
F >
jj have disappeared. Protection in closed containers can be secured ,]y
  lI](lCfl1]lLCl>’ il the supply of chemical and the resultant gas C()ll(`Cll· W
  tratio11 is maintained. Naphthalene is cheaper than paradichloru- _ (-\
  benzene, but the odor of the former clings and is offensive to Illiibl ih
  people. For this reason, paradichlorobenxene is preferred. (loltl lil
  storage is sometimes used to protect costly rugs and furs. Wlicrt·
fg the temperature is kept at 40° F. or below, this method is vCr1 lil
gi effective. a
[Er; _______ _ 1
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F" Ez); ; V  -—  ~ E< _ lr  »/ rr .
cw    _  Q  ·i_  rr j  . ~ 7 ltr
     e 1 " I     ' i—`;§I°`?"i..i€?a ?’*'
"QI  Fmuar: 5. Larva of the black carpet beetle (enlargedl. Pi
  ` ro
 l An infestation of carpet beetles can be eliminated by the he »u
T?} quent cleaning of rugs on both sides and the persistent use of C0ll·
  LHCK S )T€l 'S, Slltill as the Oil-) lrethrum s )ra is eommonl 1* found 011 ""
gg  I l l l 4
 Q the market. They should be applied to floor cracks and space iu
  about the baseboard and quarter round. These sprays kill bl "ll
 f contact and to be most effective the » should be a lied with >c>\vt¤‘ "‘l
t·—  P
t§  sprayers, altho hand sprayers may answer the purpose.
  Overstuffed furniture and other infested articles can be cleaf€ tight container. lf a trunk or box is used, put the articles in loosely.  QV  
ical alternating layers of chemical and cloth. ln a closet, the garments iii. _,’Vi > .l
l1`¢>¤ the chemical, seal the fumigator and leave it undisturbed for a it   rp'i-_.._ 3
Joltl period of one week.  
t€1`<` Piano felts often become infested with clothes moths and carpet  
yer} beetles. To treat them, hang on the inside of the top of the piano  
tt cheesecloth bag containing 2 pounds of paradichlortibenzenc.  
(Jlose the piano and keep it covered with blankets or a tarpaulin  
lor at least one week; longer if desired. Temperature during fnmi-  
gation should be 70° F. or above.  
Larvae can be trapped by placing woolen cloths, red ones il  
possible, in closets. Such cloths serve as a lure and when larvae  
congregate, they should be shaken onto pieces of paper and dc-  
  ~* ·s<· tm  
con· Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas is the most satisfactory  
_ on method of clearing the house of infestations of carpet beetles as  
aces Well as other household insect pests. Because of the deadly poison-  
by ous nature of the gas, it should be used only by experienced extcr-  
)“.C,· . minators.  
CLOTHES MOTHS  
ated Since man began to live in houses, clothes moths have pestered  
red. ltim by consuming his woolen and fur garments. To a lesser extent,  
[bc |1<· has been annoyed by their feeding upon his stored animal  
61.,, materials such as hair, wool, feathers, and dried skins. Moths are if 
.lint· lonnd in nearly all dwellings. Their abundance is influenced largely  
:s 10 l’l' lh€ kind of care given to the protection of articles susceptible to  
dis- attack while in storage or out of use and the degree of thoroness  
 viii,
 ¢s=;’*·`%
 ii .4. _;·1·» ¢
 

 i t
  l~I Kentucky ljxtension Circular No. 345
? l
i l ol house cleaning. Two species ol moths are ordinarily trouble-  
  E some in Kentucky. These are the webbing clothes moth and the ,-0
F l . .
t l case-bearing clothes moth. The adult moths are about yl meh U,
  long with a wing spread of % inch. They are bufl—colored with to
f { irregular dark patches on the fore wings, the amount of color vary
y ‘ . ` . r . · -
pt ing with the species. my
  Life History and Habits. The adult moths are not attracted th
l 1 appreciably to light, consequently they are seldom seen [lying. They th
E-, I may be observed to Hit about when objects upon which they are be
  hiding are suddenly moved or the insects are otherwise disturbed. tl:
  Under cover ol` darkness, the lemale moth lays about l0() to 200 »t<
FI eggs which are dropped promiscuously and unattached, on articles lm
it which allord food for the larvae. The eggs hatch in 4 to l0 days in tht
  summer, and in 3 to 4 weeks in the colder part ol the year. The to
l" larvae are small, seldom more than %, inch in length when lull- ze;
gi grown. and creamy white. with a dark head. Their period ol Ltd
i ".._ _:  ·
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E;   l\  tty/I ,   _ l y /"“=5f ..-/ gl t . » t5w‘l$~t;Yt¤y§>;  .3  * (lu
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    i y   hQ ·\ly\ it { I     lv/H l x `{   ,i UE   \·  
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**’—  ll i '   l ‘ . ’·/lll ·¤ i ll . · ill
      lil ly {               1 , I JI/lql;i;l`,,|ll`§     Q  
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  Ficum: 6. Diagrammatic view of edge of rug, showing from left t