xt7pg44hp43q https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7pg44hp43q/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station.  journals kaes_circulars_004_554 English Lexington : The Service, 1913-1958. Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 554 text Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 554  2014 true xt7pg44hp43q section xt7pg44hp43q       "'   ¤ -     `     *   " I
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culinity, performance record of his ancestry, pedigree, freedom f1‘0Nl cmg
disease, age, reputation of the seller, and the cost are items that inurl _ l
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be considered. If possible, check the performance of several bulls wlll

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  Fig. 2.— A good beef bull that is thick and which will sire calves of the right type.
if A l i regard to rate of gain and feed conversion, and only the superior per-
5 and { formers considered.
i •
l Selecting Heifer Replacements  
1 M6 l Heifers to be retained in the herd should be carefully observed l
f€ml· l from the time of birth until they have reached breeding age. Only l
b0’   calves from the good milking and regular breeding beef-type cows .
>€lVi€ l should be kept. The calf should be large when born and should con- l
iph¤· tinue to develop rapidly until she is selected for breeding. l
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Fig. 3.- Replacement heifers should be growthy and of beef type. rel
sec
t
Modern labor-saving methods and the new knowledge of balanc- b
mg rations warrant reconsideration of these products for feeding beef [ of
animals. Such feeds are best suited for wintering the cow herd. Preg- `
nant beef cows getting plenty of high quality roughages need no grain ‘
or supplement of any kind to perform their functions; thus, grain may ,
be used for other income-producing purposes.   Ra,
Weather and the condition of the breeding female are guides t0§ Gm
fall and winter management of the brood cow herd. The winter feed- R *5*
ing program ordinarily will begin around the middle of Novembeni wl
_ _ . 1 II
however, this could vary up until ]anuary 1. Keep cows out of the 4_6
barn and utilize the roughage in cornfields and cutover meadows, feed- "
ing additional roughage as required. The brood cow herd should bv T
in good flesh at the beginning of the wintering period. Plenty of good T Rae
ha to rovide rotein, vitamins, and minerals is the chief concern? C°’
(Sr
. . . <
Crass silage and good legume mixed hay should provide the bulk of inc,
the wintering ration. The use of some corn stover and/ or cereal straw
is warranted in late fall and early winter when some grazing is stilli
available and reserves of vitamins, protein, and minerals are still high- y *¤ S
The average winter feed per cow will be approximately 1 ton of good
legume hay and about 1% ton of cheap roughage such as straw, stovCf- far
H
or grass hay. 4up
effi

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  . . . . . . .
 C, As 3,11 2ll(l 11] d€t€I`ITl1l11I]g 11OW lTlUCh 3.1I`·(1I'1€Cl feed to g1V€ 3. COW
  each day, the following rule of thumb may be useful;
ia,. . . . .
  When feeding a pregnant cow in average flesh, divide the cow’s
  weight by 100 and multiply the answer by two. For a thin cow, divide
  the eow’s weight by 100 and multiply the answer by 2.25. An example
Je 4 follows :
,.¤,.»
$*%%.4
  1000
 
  -— : 10 X 2 : 20 pounds of hay each day for a 1000-lb. cow.
  100
  I Protein requirements of beef cows on wintering rations may be
  I summarized as follows;
  I . . I
h ad (a) Brood cows before calving, 1 pound of protein per head per
  day or 4 pounds of legume hay. ·
L Mi (b) Brood cows after calving, 1.25 pounds of protein per head per
  dav or 5 pounds of leafy legume hay.
  '
  I Good legume hay will adequately meet most of the protein require-
\' », ‘ _ I
ments of beef cattle. Remember, 4 pounds of good legume hay will
replace 1 pound of protein concentrate (cottonseed, soybean and lin-
seed meal) in wintering and growing rations.
1 I Undersized lieifers and thin older cows need a little grain just I
ic- . . .
Z1 {   before calving and until good pasture 1S ready. Usually, 4 to 6 pounds I
ee · . .
. of grain is adequate.
Preg- ` `
· I TABLE 1
gram V
l llltlll a Suggested Wintering Rations for Pregnant Cows in Average Flesh I
I
  Ration `I Ration 3 l
l€s to   Grass-Iegume silage Full feed grass hay
feed, I *$tr¤w of low quality grass hay 4-6 pounds of legume hay
mberr   Ration 2 Ration 4 I
. ll   Winter pasture or stalk fields Full feed grass hay
)l tlc V 4-6 pounds of Iegume hay One pound protein concentrate
feed- * Straw can furnish approximately l/2 of the dry matter in the rations for dry cows.
ild lw l Suggested Raticns for Cows After Calving 1
I g0OLl   Ration 'I Ration 2
umm; gorn Tag: b Full feed grass legume silage I
` tart ee ing a out 20 pounds and *4-6 pounds grain ;
llll< ill increase up to about 40 pounds) Ration 3 I
Stftllli Full feed legume hay I
is Still, *4-6 pounds grain .
_ *_/added to stimulate milk flow during winter months before cows and calves are turned
1   ` tc $Dl'lf`Ig pgsful-Q_
f goal Suggested Wintering Rations for Replacement Heifers
S[()VCl'. R3l'l0|‘\ ll I Ratio;. 2
Full feed grass legume silage* Full feed legume hay
4 pounds grain 4 pounds grain
ff_ _* lt lS_ۤClvisab|e to feed about 4 pounds of dry hay or straw each day to aid in the
G ncient utilization of the silage.

 l
8
Winter Management at Bulls
The proper time t0 condition bulls for the next breeding season
is during the winter months. A ration composed largely of homegrown W
grains that are growth-producing rather than fattening will be found we
best for bulls. For example: equal parts by measure of crushed oats  
and bran make a good basic ration to which corn may be added if  
only a marked improvement in flesh is desired. Animals that are in  
a rundown condition and lack thrift should have from l to 2 pounds  
of linseed oilmeal, soybean oilmeal, or other protein concentrate per  
day. Mature bulls already carrying sufficient flesh may be wintered  
largely on choice roughages such as a legume hay and silage. Breed  
ing bulls should never be allowed to get overly fat since this tends to  
impair their breeding efficiency.  
The Pasture Period  
Over most of the Kentucky area, pasture of some kind can be  
counted on to carry the breeding herd for 8 to 9 months of the year. ` A
Most beef producers allow from 2 to 3 acres of permanent pasture   _
for each cow and calf; however, this area can be greatly reduced even   is *
on rough land by disking in fertilizer and reseeding with improved l at
grasses and legumes that are well adapted to local soil and climatic l
conditions. Consideration should be given to temporary pastures and Of
also to rotational grazing. Establish pastures to give as nearly year- uu
around grazing as possible and to reduce labor and other costs. H
During periods of drouth give the cows additional feed to supple- y l
ment that furnished by the pasture, sudangrass, grass silage, and the   of
like are excellent to supplement inadequate pastures. { cm
Shade and Water   da
Many Kentucky pastures are entirely without shade. Fifteen to 20   fill
square feet of shade should be allowed for each cow and calf. Water   Of
tanks should be kept filled with fresh, clean water, and the tanks should   thi
be emptied and thoroughly scrubbed at least once a month during   tm
warm weather to prevent the growth of algae. Ponds are diseast§
spreaders, especially when the cows are allowed to wade in and drink  
from them. Fence off your pond and pipe the water to troughs as at A Qu
means of reducing contamination and spreading of disease, Remem-
ber also that covered tanks provide cooler water than tanks left open pg
to the sun.   no
Minerals  
Salt is the most critical of all the minerals, and should be fed ill th(
cattle at all times. The average animal will consume approximately ¤ an
tenth of a pound of salt per day or about S pounds per month. It also

 9
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>wu . »,»-~- J     .
, -·;Z ‘v=v   ~ — j   ·
uml Wit   ·   . V.A,  I
oats     »,;;;;     Z2:    
.     ·‘’;:     I  
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llltlS i   i    f . "` ~ -·v··   nk - Fig. 4.- A practical salt
A   — - » .·;.  ` ~,L,..s~,~ and mineral feeder.
ered ·   *4  " ` I    
"   ’==·*   . .,
eed- ·  . e»   lri 4   .  
'     .,,,  ,_ »_,_   _ `  ""*§ .
IS             · f,*  
»Vr" g.  ==v- ~   _, . ·  . s
  7   *3   .2.%;. 
ricii r  ·“:``  y. I   in    =;-l*    
  ‘¤e·-~— \>»~ .:wr:   A    4 »e    ·  ··-*  
I be   >;¤}5a Ak 1 i’€}.”· »Q·*‘Z`€‘**” .      
year.
‘ture _ .
QI/GH is advisable t0 keep bonemeal and ground limestone before the cattle
at all times.
oved ‘ , _ . _
mm A plan for a mineral feeder can be obtained from the Department I
and of Agricultural Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington. The I
I/eu number of this plan is Kentuclr de- and requires more time than other methods. *
.onths The Barnes dehorner is one of the most suitable and positive meth- ’
older ods for dehorning calves and short yearlings. This dehorner is pressed
gy be down over the immature horn and pressure is applied to spread l
r time handles. The horn is lifted out by the roots and the blood vessels are |
esnlts . crushed so that a limited loss of blood normally occurs. Usually, blood
re, the How diminishes rapidly owing to the formation of a heavy blood clot (
·ns up and the constriction of the blood capillaries. If a heavy flow of blood !
rdagrs persists to a point where the animal becomes weak and faint, the sev-
of dr·· ered artery should be tied off with a piece of cotton or silk thread, or y
mrnrn i its ends should be seized with an artery forcep and the artery broken ;
off deep in the skull by traction.
under The shock sustained by animals from dehorning is often given l
pe the Considerable consideration by agricultural writers. Ordinarily, the  
rrounrlr pain experienced is rnornentary and the loss of blood sustained by the  
rk null Cattle is not great. Excessive bleeding may occur if the cattle have ·
ne thx been on sweet clover pasture or have been recently fed a considerable
C sticll quantity of sweet clover hay. If the cattle should be suddenly ex-
lpertrl P08€:__   I  /   »--‘ V ~ ’/`’ * 4 V M   V, L} ict (Md'% $1;  for C
        `   i .
Figl. 8.- Creep feeding, used to supplement the cow's milk, may increase tht more
weight and improve the condition of the calf.

 15
_ feed calves that are to be c