xt7qbz616w8f https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7qbz616w8f/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 1898 journals kaes_bulletins_079 English Lexington, Ky. : The Station, 1885- Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin n.79. text Bulletin n.79. 1898 2014 true xt7qbz616w8f section xt7qbz616w8f  
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KENTUGKY      
R AGRICULTURAL LXPTRIAALNT STATLUN        
OF THE I   2  
STTLTB GOLLEGE OF KENTUCKY.  
BULLETIN N0. 79,     Z! k  
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__ , ,   _ KENTUCKY
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    C Aqricultural Ex eriment Statiun
l BOARD OF CONTROL.
i V ` HART BOSWELL, C]lH.ll'l1l&H,LGXlHg,`tOD, Ky
1 J. T. GATHRIGIIT, Louisville, Ky.
j THOS. TODD, Shelbyville, Ky.
E J. K. PAT'l`ERS()N, President of the College.
M. A. SCOVELL, Director, Secretary.
  STATION OFFICERS.
M. A. SCOVELL, Director. ‘
. , A. M. PETER,
{ Chemists.
_   H. E. CURTIS,
- _ H. GARMAN, Entomologist and Botanist.
` C. W. MATHEWS, Horticulturist.
J. N. HARPER, Agriculturist.
V. E. MUNCY, Weather Observer.
V EDWARI) RHORER, Secretary to Director.
  Address of the Station—LEXINGTON, KY. _
NOTICE.
The Bulletins ofthe Station will be mailed free to any citizen
‘ ‘ of Kentucky who semis his name and address to the Station for
. that purpose.
Correspondents will please notify the Director of changes in
their post—ofiice address, or of any failure to receive the Bulletins.
Anmuass:
i Iiicivrueuv AGRICUI/l‘URAL Exmcnmnmi STAT1oN,
· Licxixevrox, KY.
I ` 158. ;
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BULLETIN NO. 79, ;   I
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Commercial Fertilizers. I  
It will be noticed that the analyses of fertilizers in this A l
lbulletin are collected in two tables; Table I comprises
_ those entered for sale under the old law, and Table II, I
I those under the new law. I
The "official analysis" under the old law was the  
analysis of the sample sent to the Station by the man-
ufacturer under afiidavit that it was a fair and true
sample of the brand which the manufacturer desired to F
sell in this State. The analysis on the tags furnished by V had
the Station, under the old law, was the "oflicial analysis." l —,
Under the new law, the manufacturer guarantees, un- ¥ Q
-der affidavit, the analysis as found on the tags furnished 4  
by the Station. This analysis is the miniznmn "guaran-   ;
teed analysis" of the manufacturer. `I
GUARANTEED AND ACTUAL COMPOSITION.      
A detailed examination of Table I, shows that out of  
forty-nine samples taken from goods sold in the State, E  
twenty of them fall materially below the samples sent here l 4
by the manufacturers to represent them, while four sam- »
. . . = »
ples are above such guarantee. Of the remaining twenty- R
‘ {ive samples, nine are above the ollicial samples and six- » ‘
teen are below them, but tl1e differences are not A
such as require comment, and in none of these is tl1e dif- I
ference in value as much as $2 per ton.
The four brands which were above the official samples A
  are I

       l  
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  i Y l   160 Bulletin N0. 79.
  ‘ _,     4339-Farmers Compound Fertilizer, manufactured by
  ,   A the Greer Machinery Co , Knoxville, Tenn, The
ll Q   - sample collected showed 2.46 per cent. more
' ` 2 available phosphoric acid, and the estimated value
{ » was $3.27 more than that shown on the ofhcial tag.
T V 4971-—Bone Meal, manufactured by the Louisville Fer-
, . — tilizer Works, Louisville, Ky. The sample collected I
l . showed 1.21 per cent. more total phosphoric acid,.
A f 0.84 per cent more nitrogen, and an estimated value
i i of $2.47 more than that found on the oflicial tag.
4968-Ox Alkaline Bone, manufactured by the Tennes·
see Chemical Co., Nashville, Tenn. The sample col-
. lected contained 1.38 per cent more available and
6.22 per cent. more total phosphoric acid, giving a
valuation $3.29 more than the official analysis, but
l if contained 0.89 per cent. less potash than the official
  analysis. This shows bad mixing, and it is a ques-
L tion whether the persons purchasing this fertilizer
on the oflicial tag analysis were getting more than
they really bargained for or not. Those farmers
applying it to soils needing phosphoric acid received·
‘· more than they bargained for, while those applying
l it to soils needing potash, and not phosphoric acid,. ‘
received less than they should have had.
4416-—Champion Corn · Grower, manufactured by S. W.
Travers & Co., Richmond, Va. The sample col-
- · lected contained 0.42 per cent. more available and
. 0.70 per cent. more total phosphoric acid and 0.52
per cent. more nitrogen, and the estimated value
was $2.35 more than shown by the official analy-
sis.
. The 20 samples that fall much below the ofiicial sam-
B ples are given in the following table, and the percentage
V I each fertilizer falls below in phosphoric acid, nitrogen.
° ` and potash, and the amount it falls below in value, is z
there shown.  
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Comnimcrial F ertiilizcrs. 163   j
i i it
Under the old law the manufacturer was required to i_    
send a sample of each fertilizer to the Station at the be- ‘   f
ginning of the year, and this sample represented all of Z    
a fertilizer made under that brand during the year. As l   Q
it often happens that the manufacturer makes new mix» i g M
. tures of his various brands from time to time during the L  
i year, depending upon the quantity sold, it is nearly im-    
i possible to send a single sample, the analysis of which i I
will represent exactly the composition of the various l l  
mixtures of a brand during the year. But by analyzing
each of the ingredients of a fertilizer eve1·y time a new
mixture is made, and by carefully mixing, the Hlilill- i
ufacturer should be able to keep this variation in com-
position within reasonable limits.  
If a fertilizer were found to be not mo1·e than one per
cent. in phosphoric acid, one-half per cent. in potash, or
tlireetentlis per cent. in nitrogen. or $2.00 in estimated ' `’'V
value below the official analysis, it might be considered . ·,
up to standard under the old law as, from what has been _ , `i
said above, some allowance should be made for variation ‘ .,
in different samples of the same fertilizer, especially t ~
_ when such samples ai·e taken from different bulks, made   l
at different times. \Vhen the variations are more in any l
fertilizer than those given above, such fertilizer must be l   ’_
condemned as not coming up to the official analysis. In V i
cases Nos. 4978, 4957, 4317, 4970, 4941and 4893,iu the l {
table above, the variations may be laid to careless or bad i ·
mixing. When the discrepancies are as great as in sam- l
ples Nos. 4870, 4939, 4845, 4847, 4956, 4848 and 4878, . ,
ignorance or gross carelessness in the manufacture of the  
fertilizer must be charged against the manufacturer. i
From what information we have of each of these cases, i '_
we are of the opinion that in every one the manufac-  
p turer supposed he was supplying a fertilizer fully up to
 :
- l

       l  
¤i ’ ·‘ l 2
  eV     . 164 Bulletin N0. 79. »
  _,     guarantee, and the bad results came from the use of
  V   l tankage or other ingredients of irregular composition in
El T   · the fertilizer, under the supposition that these ingredi-
` § ents did not vary in composition,without determining by
$ analysis the amount of phosphoric acid, nitrogen and
· potash they really contained. But such a plea cannot be V
i . considered an excuse, and it gives very little comfort to »
? A the farmer who buys such a fertilizer to know that, al-
A · though fraud was not intended, nevertheless he received
I A only a portion of what he purchased under the suppo-
sition that he was receiving the whole.
The results of the analyses of the samples taken in
. open market-show conclusively the importance of inspec-
tion of fertilizers at the time of purchase, under regula-
tions laid clown in Section 8 of the fertilizer law. As to
Li how to take samples and proper form of certificate to
_A   send with them, see page 170, of this bulletin.
In Table ff may be found the analyses of fertilizers
coming under the new law. As stated before, under our
present law, the manufacturer guarantees the amount of
phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash which his fertil-
` izer will contain, and it is the m,vT»mrz,am guarantee of the
i manufacturer that is printed on the official tags. As the A
manufacturer guarantees that the fertilizer will not fall
below the figures given, he should make his mixtures in
such proportions that the percentages of the phosphoric
· · acid, nitrogen and potash should be a little above the
· minimum guarantee. Under the present law, therefore,
the phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash in a fertilizer
should not fall below the analysis on the official tag, but
- the law allows a margin of one-fourth of one per cent. to i
l cover unavoidable differences in sampling. If it were
E possible to get an absolutely true sample of a fertilizer
L for analysis, the percentages of the different ingredients _
I of a fertilizer should not fall even as much as one-fourth  
\ "`·; .

 . l l '·
ls i  
~ Commercial Fertzl/izc·rs. 165      
[ i .
per cent. below the guarantee. A small variation, how-      
A ever, is to be expected, from the fact that most commer- A    
~cial fertilizers are mixtures of various materials, and , { 1,
however well mixed, it is impossible to make them of i    
perfectly'uniform composition. When a fertilizer falls  
even slightly more than gb per cent. below the guarantee     if
* in one ingredient, but is enough over the guarantee in ,  
` —one or both of the other ingredients to compensate in   ;
value, such fertilizer should be considered up to guar- l y V
antee. l
In Table II the following fertilizers are so much below
I guarantee that attention is hereby called to them. .
4510-—-Currie’s Fine Ground Raw BoneMeal, manufactured l
by The Currie Fertilizer Co., Louisville, Ky. ; be-
low guarantee in phosphoric acid 4.27 per cent.,  
nitrogen 0.36 per cent., in estimated value $4.60.
4314—Anchor Brand Complete Fertilizer, manufactured , ,
by A. B. Mayer Manufacturing Co., St. Louis, Mo.:  
below in potash 1.89 per cent., in estimated value A i'
$1.26; above in available phosphoric acid 0.80 per Q l i
cent. T
4305—Bone Tankage and Potash, manufactured by   l
` Swift &; Co., Chicago, Ill.; below guarantee in   J
potash 1.30 per cent., in total phosphoric acid 0.52 , .
per cent; above in nitrogen 0.48 per cent. , · —
The following table gives the fertilizers much above Q
guarantee, and the percentages of phosphoric acid, nitro- I  
gen and potash above guarantee, and the value above the I
estimated value. We have included here only those in ‘
_ which the relative commercial value per ton was two dol- ° 1
lars or more above that calculated from the guaranteed y  
minimum analysis. · Q t
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· l ié
. Commercial Fertilizers. 169* l . i
i I 2
2 5 I?
In the following tables are published the analyses of z E l
all fertilizers entered by manufacturers in 1898 not [  
already published in Bulletin 75, and also analyses of l i *
samples collected by deputy inspectors or sent by farm- E    
GTS. Most of the inspectors and farmers’ samples were   I
of brands entered under the old law. The reason for    
 S this is that the new law went into effect after most of   l
the fertilizers had been ente1·ed under the old law. The ll i
analyses of brands entered under the old law are given l -
_ in Table I; those entered under the new law, in Table ‘ l
II, together with the manufacturer’s guaranteed mini-
mum analyses for comparison. p .
In the future it will be our policy to analyze samples I
of every brand of fertilizer licensed in the State, taken
from goods actually on sale, and samples sent by manu- ·  
facturers will be analyzed only in cases where we are
unable to get samples from goods in the State, or for i -
some other special reason. . _'
FERTILIZER LAW, I  
The law regulating the sale of fertilizers has been published in   I l
Bulletin 75, copies of which will be furnished on application, but l
we desire again to call attention to some of its provisions which l `
most concern purchasers of fertilizers. { l
Fnnn Aiv.¤.1,vsi·:s Fon F,xRMi·:Rs. Tlielaw provides for free an- Zi
alyses to be made at the Station for the benefit of purchasers in , ,
order to see that the goods sold are up to the guarantee of their ] . V-
manufacturers. Any purchaser of a fertilizer, who is not an  
agent or dealer, may take a sample of the same, under proper l
regulations, and have it analyzed at the Station free, and such ` l
purchaser shall not be required to give the name of the fertilizer l
or of the person from whom it was bought until after the analy- .
sis has been made and reported, but after the purchaser has y
received the report of analysis he must give the Directo1· all  
information about the fertilizer thatmay be required for publica- p 2
tion in the Station bulletins or for prosecution of the case if it l
appear that the law has been violated. It is desirable that the _
farmers of the State take advantage of this privilege as much as ‘
possible, and it is recommended that in every large purchase 0. `
sample be taken for analysis. .
{
,_ ·»-— ,. __,,___ V  ` V N p g *"4 4.* ’ I

   5 *?   i ‘
i _ _     170 Bullet/in Ne. 79. ‘
Q L ,.   ' Fo1zM or C1cR*riF1cA*r1·:. The following is the p1·oper form of
‘€‘V ·‘ =» . certificate to accompany samples for free analysis. ’l`he words
°¥· i in italics are supposed to have been written in the blanks of one
  ‘ A of our printed forms by thesender of the sample and give an idea
Q of how these blanks should be filled. Any one intending to send
, ` a sample for f1·ee analysis can get these blank certificates by
` ‘ ` sending to the Station.
` ‘ ` CERTIFICATE FOR FREE ANALYSIS.
i _ _SmiTh ville. Ky., June J, 1898.*
· M. A. Scovicim, Director, Lexington, Ky.:
This is to certify that I am 11ot a dealer in, or agent for the
sale of, any fertilizer. and that the fertilizer, a sample of which I
have sent by express to you fo1· free analysis, was purchased by
g » me for lily own use and not for sale.
I further certify that the sample was taken at the time of pur-
chase from at least l0 per cent. of the sacks or other packages
comprising the whole lot purchased, and that it was taken as
{ provided in Section 8 of the fertilizer law, in the following
~ Wi described manner, to wit: 1‘?l?”"‘“'H""" S”P`kS Of U'€f?Y'§y{Z‘j{`
, and took two shovels full from each and 111 ixezl them e1 ll together
£@l'OII,Q'[}lV 011 a clean floor and iI)1IIl(9(Ii2It€lV filler] :1 quart jar
with the mixer] H¢1·tilize1·:u1¢l labeled it "No l from J 0[II1 Smith,
Smith ville, Ky. "
_ Upon the receipt of the analysis fl'()lll you, I agree to furnish
Er A you with a tag taken from one of the sacks sampled, the name
` and address of the firm or agent of whom the fertilizer was pur-
chased and the amount purchased.
(Signature) John Smith,
(P. O Address) §lI1it]1\'l”(), Ky.
Signature of Witnesses :
~ ~ S:1111 J ones.
_ lVill ]jI'()IVI1.
Il\Il’Ol<'l‘AI\'[‘ fro (lAl{lCl<`lll,l,Y S;\Ml’l,lC. It is very important that
samples for analysis he carefully taken in such a way as to be
~ sure that they fairly represent the fertilizer purchased, and we
request that any one intending to have an analysis made will
g read Section 8 of the law ve1·y carefully before taking the sample.
. To avoid the charge of unfairness in sampling, the law provides
_ that the person or agent who sold the fertilizer be present when
' - the sample is taken, but if this is not possible o1· convenient, the -
1
. '\’ 1 -

 l.·—
l l .
if \ n 
Conamcrczal Fertilizers. 171   , ’
sample may be taken in p1·esenee of two disinterested witnesses.   Q
It is required that the sample be taken from at least a tenth of I    
the whole number of sacks purchased, but the more sacks sam- l l
pled the better, and it is always best to take the sample from at , E 1
least two or three sacks. A quantity should be taken from each i   ~
of the sacks selected to be opened, and all mixed together in one l
pile, and a quart jar filled from the mixture. The ja1· should be z i .·
sealed and marked with the name and address of the sender in l {
.such a way that there can be no mistake about the identity of    
 I the sample, and forwarded at once to the Director of the Station. j. ,
The Station will furnish blank forms for the certificate. which is to l
go with the sample, but if there is not time to write for them, it l `
may be made out after the form printed herewith. (See page ‘ l
170.) All such samples must be taken at, or soon after, the time
of purchasing the fertilizer, as it is not intended that a fertilizer
be kept for months, possibly subject to change from exposure, "
and then be submitted to analysis. ~
Sncrion Paovrnine ros FREE ANALYSIS. We print, __
also, the section of the Fertilizer Law relative to the ·
taking of samples for free analysis, and we invite
particular attention to it: ‘ V
Sno. 8. Any person not a dealer in, oragent for the sale of, any . . l.,
fertilizer who may purchase any commercial fertilizer in this  
State for his own use and not for sale, may take a sample of the   l *
same for analysis, which analysis shall be made by the said i
Experiment Station free of charge. Such sample fo1· free analy- { ·
sis shall be taken by the purchaser in the presence of the person, Q {
company or agent selling the fertilizer, from at least ten (10) per  
cent. of the sacks or other packages comprising the whole lot , V
purchased, and shall be thoroughly mixed and at least one pound l _ ‘;
of the material after mixing mustbe putinto a jar or can, secu1·ely  
sealed and marked in such a way as to surely identify the sam- F
ple and show by whom it was sent, without giving the name of I l
the fertilizer or tl1e person from whom it was purchased, and l V
must be forwarded to the Directo1· of the Kentucky Agricultural ,
Experiment Station, Lexington. Ky. The purchaser shall also _ ‘
send with the sample a certificate signed by himself and witness,  
or by two witnesses, stating that the sender has purchased the  
fertilizer for his own use and not for sale, and that the sample i l
was taken in the manner prescribed in this Section. Provided, `
however, that if the person, company or agent shall refuse to `
witness the taking of tl1e sample, then the sample may be taken
at the time of the purchase in the manner already described in
n

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  ' T i =
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  ·_ , g 172 Bzellctm. N0. 79.
    _1 {_ ° the presence of two witnesses who shall certify to the manner of
  " Q i taking the sample. The purchaser shall preserve the official
" ’   label from one of the bags or other packages sampled to be sent
j? , t - to the Director after having received the report of analysis of the
i r   sample, and at the same time he shall furnish to the Director the
. name and add1·ess of the firm of whom the fertilizer was pur-
` hased and the amount purchased; and any person having; sent
21. sample for free analysis. under the provisions of this section,
_ who shall, after having received the report of analysis of the
' » same, refuse to furnish the required information, shall thereafter
; forfeit the privilege of f1·ee analysis of fertilizers under this sec-
Q tion. But if any sample shall have been submitted for free analy- ·
` ` sis without all the requirements of this section having been com-
plied with, the Director shall inquire into thecase and may accept
the sample for free analysis if he believe that it is a fair sample
of the fertilizer as it was delivered to the purchaser,
THE PROPER SELECTION OF FERTILIZERS.
l . . .
_,§ In regard to the proper selection of fertilizers we can
  only say briefly that their profitable use will depend
2 upon a knowledge of the needs of the particular soil to
which they are to be applied, and the requirements of
‘ the crop to be grown. The latter knowledge has been
  gained once for all for most farm crops by a scientific
t study of these crops, but the needs of the soil must in
most cases be learned by the farmer himself, either from
systematic field experiments, or by observation and
experience. If it is necessary for a farmer to use commer-
cial fertilizers, and he is working upon a kind of soil that
` ` has not already been tested, we believe it will pay him
` to learn its needs by carrying out systematic experi-
ments with fertilizers. The experiments made at the
Station amply illustrate this. It would be very unprofit-
able to buy phosphates for use on soil like that of the
L Station farm, but potash salts could be profitably used
. there with most crops. This is because the soil is
, , already rich in phosphates. But if it were deficient in
phosphates, as is the case with many soils in this State, ‘
I
‘   v -

 r-
Commercial Fertilizers. 173   l  
. it would be unprofitable to use potash salts alone, and     {
one would have to supply phosphates. It is therefore l    
necessary in purchasing a commercial fertilizer to co11- { Q
sider, first, what our soil needs for the crop to be raised,.   l
and then to look for that fertilizer containing most of   Q T
those substances, in an available form, as shown by its l
chemical analysis and guaranteed by the manufacturer,     II
at the least cost. It is well to bear in mind also, that    
l nitrogen compounds are the most expensive constituents g·  
of commercial fertilizers, and if we can keep up our , l _
I nitrogen supply by means of clover, cow peas, or other l U
i leguminous plants, or by barnyard manure, and pur-
chase only such phosphates and potasli as may be _
needed, we will have accomplished a great saving.
THE TABLES. i ~  
In Table I we have followed the plan used in former
bulletins of giving first the tag analysis or "official" an- · ·-
alysis of each brand in bold faced type and just under it; , _ i_!X
the analysis of samples of the same brand collected ats ,  
various places. Q `
In Table II are given in bold faced type the guaran— ,  
teed analyses of all brands entered in 1898 under the g ;
new law, and just under this the analysis of the samples 1
of the same brands sent by the manufacturer and also u ~ _
the analysis of any samples sent in by farmers and in-   ` ’
spectors i
In both Tables the names of manufacturers are ar· i  
ranged in alphabetical order. I E
VALUES USED. I Z,
In calculating the "estimated value per ton" or "rel- ‘ I if
ative commercial value,’ the same values were used as in .
bulletin 75, as follows:
n

  ·l   l A ii .
    E ‘1
e` A   l 174 Bulletin No. 79.
z f i__   f Soluble and reverted phosphoric acid in mixed fertil-
  _;   4 izers, 7 cents ;in plain acid and unacidulated phosphates,
  E 5 cents per pound.
_] S . Insoluble phosphoric acid in mixed fertilizers, 2=l—
3 cents; in plain acid phosphates, nothing; in Orchilla
’ guano, 3 cents ; in other unacidulated phosphates, 2cents
per pound.
_ Phosphoric acid in fine* bone, 4 cents; in medium*
` ‘ cone, 3 cents pe1· pound. ‘
L . Nitrogen i