Scope and Contents
Contains autograph letters, most of which are accompanied by photographs. Includes manuscripts by Max Müller, Wellington, John Ruskin, J. H. Shorthouse, Barry Sullivan, William Morris, J. Linnell Senior, William Edmondstoune Aytoun, Salisbury, H. Rider Haggard, Cardinals John Henry Newman and Henry Edward Manning, John Blackie, William Black, Giuseppe Verdi, T. Chalmers. Signed photographs of Ellen Terry, Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson). Signatures of J. Tyndall, G. F. Watts, Richard Monckton Milnes, Dr. T. Arnold, H. M. Stanly, Pusey, Sir H. Irving, J. Chamberlain, Frederic Leighton, Angela Burdett-Coutts, Stafford Northcote. Also contains two bank checks and a translation of the Giuseppe Verdi manuscript. Initials
A. W. G. on front cover of album.
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is no exaggeration to say that in all
these small states there was little
or no fighting spirit, no great
naval and military tradition, such
as has existed in our Navy and
Army for centuries, and have been
built up by our Airmen during the
last thirty years. After all, it is
these traditions, combined with a
good cause and a national fighting
spirit, that are the foundation of
victory.
In Italy none of these exist or
have existed. In the last war noth-
ing occurred on which they could
be built. The Italian fleet never
left harbour till after the Armistice
and Caporetto was hardly likely to
leave behind it high tradition in the
Army.
thought that he could build
up a new tradition in the
fighting services by bombast and
boasting. we may have encour—
aged him sometimes, I fear, by
taking him too much at his own
valuation. His success in Abys—
sinia, won by foul means—gas and
bombing defenceless people when
fair means failed and a second
Adowa appeared possible, gave
M U S S O L I N I apparently
Garibaldi’s fight for freedom.
The battle of Varese.
him further encouragement. He be—
gan to think he was a reincarnation
of. the Caesars, and that he only
had to boast long and loud enough
and the Italian people and the
fighting services would follow him
to Victory.
He entirely misread human
nature and the psychology of the
Italian people. He failed to realise
that you cannot change an unmili-
tary nation with no military tradi—
dition and little fighting spirit
into a nation of lions in a
few years. Nor apparently did
he realise that in their hearts
the Italians knew they were fight—
ing their oldest friends and helping
their real foes. Foes of long stand—
ing and with nothing in common
with them in culture, tastes, or
mode of life.
It is hard to believe that Musso—
lini had ever really studied Italian
history, except for a vague know-
ledge of the glories of Rome
under the Caesars before the
Romans be‘ame eftete and their
empire began to disintegrate in the
5th and 6th centuries, never to
arise again because the spirit that
made it had gone for good. Musso-
lini must also have misjudged
Garibaldi’s character and the true
274
cause of his success. Mussolini
himself was out for power and
glorification of self, as all his ac—
tions have shown.
His chief followers in the Fascist
party were, like Hitler’s gangsters,
out for personal gain and power.
Garibaldi cared for none of these
things and was out for one thing
only, the unification and glory of
Italy. It was largely that, added
to his great personal bravery and
magnetic personality, that gave
him such a wonderful influence in
Italy in good times and in bad, and
a quite extraordinary. popularity in
England amongst all classes. Musso—
lini’s popularity, even in Fascist
circles, lasted just as long as he was
successful, but once the bubble of
his infallibility as a leader was
pricked, his popularity, unlike
Garibaldi's in adversity, vanished
in thin air.
now the most hated man in
all ranks and classes in
Italy, except amongst his gangster
associates. Unlike Garibaldi, Mus—
solini had no knowledge of war.
His strategy was contemptible.
His personal leadership was a
I IE is probably and justifiably
time without the aid of giant
trench-digging machines, bull-
dozers and other mechanical aids:
ljach 40-foot, section ot the pipe
weighed two tons, and in the
course of the first: 500 miles it had
to be carried across nine rivers as
well as miles of Mississippi
Swamps.
The cost of the Big Inch is about
£5,000,000, and it; was, of course,
a. wz'ir-time measure, planned in
1940 by Mr. elarold Ickes, [S
Petroleum Controller, who showed
remarkable foresight. Actual work
did not: start until some months
after l’earl Harbour. The Big
Inch has been called America’s
“ Burma Road for Oil,” to em-
phasise its vital part in feeding not
only warships using Atlantic ports
and aircraft taking off for Europe,
but also in tilting the tankers upon
whose voyages the whole war
effort of Britain depends.
After it has been completed,
everv yard of a pipe line has to be
cleaned. In the case of the Big
Inch, the diameter was large
enough to allow men inside to
clean each section as it was laid.
But the method with smaller pipes
is interesting and ingenious. A
plug fitted with leather washers ‘to
make it fit, and armed With
scrapers and knives, is forced along
the whole length of the pipe by
the pressure of oil behind 'it. A
man runs along the pipe beside the
“ go—devil," as this dev1ce is
called, following its course by the
noise it makes. It it stops, at maJor
obstruction is indicated, and the
section of the pipe has to be
opened up for investigation. One
of the minor tragedies is that many
small animals, from rabbits to
birds, are generally trapped in the
pipe when it is laid.
The great pipe lines have had
strategic significance, and, like that
from Iraq to the Mediterranean,
have been laid with an eye to the
needs of the Royal Navy. But
when peace comes they will prove
good investments for c1v1lian
needs. The US. has long needed
its “ Big Inch” to ensure a cheap
and certain supply of petroleum to
the busy Atlantic seaboard States,
and the Canadian line may result
in an “opening up" of Alaska
which otherwise would have been
impossible. The war investments
will probably prove sound ones 11:
peace—time as well.
GARIBALDI—AND MUSSOLINI!
WHAT THE ITALIANS CAN AND CANNOT DO
By FIELD-MARSHAL SIR ARCHIBALD MONTGOMERY—MASSINGBERD, G.C.B., K.C.M.G.
HE collapse of Italy and its
consequruces will not have
come as a surprise to anyone
who has studied Italian his-
tory or knows anything of
the Italian people. Their
alliance with the Nazis
was from the beginning,7
an unnatural one, forced
on them by Mussolini.
The two peoples are poles
apart, and always have
been. A considerable part
of Italy for many years,
prior to the Risorgimento
writhed under Austrian
rule. They were freed from
it by Mazziui, Victor
Emanuel, Cavour, and
most of all by Garibaldi,
and encouraged to become
a united nation by Eng-
land, contrary to the in—
clinations of France and
i. ‘7 'n - _, .1» “11 +1 ,.
Junta”, threag. u“ int
difficult years from 1848
to 1861, and before a
united I t a l y finally
emerged in 1870 with the
House of Savoy at its head.
A study of that period
and of the exploits of
Garibaldi and his Legion-
aries, so well descril’xred by
George Trevelyan in his
three volumes, "Garibaldi
and the. Defence of the
Roman Republic," ”Gari-
baldi and the Thousand,”
and ” Garibaldi and the
Making of Italy,” explains
much of what has hap—
pened during the last few
years, and the reason why
the hearts of the Italian people
have not been in this war. More—
over, history shows that the
Italians, and especially those of
the south and of Sicily, are not
a warlike people. Garibaldi and
the “ Thousand,” for example,
compelled the surrender of 24,000
soldiers of the kingdom of Naples
at Palermo in 1860, before his
famous campaign in Southern Italy
over the same ground as our troops
have experienced lately.
On the other hand, the story of
Garibaldi and his men also shows
that under inspired leadership like
his and in a cause they really be-
M
“Swollen Bullfrog of the Pontine
marshes. ’ ’
During many centuries after the
fall of the Roman Empire, the
people of Italy had passed
through many vicissitudes
and much misery under
Aboard the “ Scano Pilla,” rulers of varied nationali-
Garibaldi wounded.
lieve in, the Northern Italians can
make good soldiers and fighters.
There were many occasions on
which his cause both in Sicily and
Italy seemed lost, and defeat
stared the ”Thousand” in the
face, when, placing himself at their
head, Garibaldi turned defeat into
victory in the face of heavy odds.
But then he was a born leader and
the idol of his men. A most re—
markable man and as different as
chalk from cheese from the
273
ties—Goths, Greeks, Nor-
‘ mans, Saracens, Austrians,
33% Spaniards and French. In
" . 800 A.D. Charlemagne
”W was crowned “ Emperor
of the Romans.” The
14th and 15th centuries
saw Italy divided into five
principal s t a t e s —— the
Kingdom of Naples, the
Duchy of Milan, the Re-
publics of Florence and
Venice, and the Papacy.
During the next period,
until as late as the 19th
century, Italy was dis—
posed of by foreign powers
as suited their policies.
After each of the three
Wars of Succession in the
18th century, Italy was
subjected to a fresh revi—
sion. A long period of
misery, which resulted at
the end of the 18th cen—
tury in a conglomeration
of small states under very
indifferent sovereigns with
despotic powers—Naples,
Tuscany, Parma, Modena
and Piedmont, w h i l e
Lombardy and Venice re-
mained under Austrian
rule. Then Napoleon ap—
peared on the horizon
and entered Italy in 1796.
In 1805 he was crowned King of
Italy, when a fresh distribution
was made, but the Treaty of
Vienna in 1815 restored the map
of Italy to its former appearance.
And so it remained more or less
the same till the beginning of Maz—
zini’s, Cavour’s, and Garibaldi's
struggle for the unification of Italy
under the House of Savoy, which
was finally achieved in 1870. But
what a history on which to build
national or military traditions! It
handicap instead of an inspira—
tion to his generals. Partly
through our own fault he had un—
doubtedly come to the conclusion
that the British Empire had fol—
lowed the same course as the
Roman and was at the. beginning
of the end. He believed the
British nation to be effete, at least
so his words and actions would
lead us to believe. He never made
a bigger mistake, as time has
proved, except when he thought he
could revive the Roman Empire
with himself as the modern Czesar
at its head. He was warned by our
Prime Minister in 1940 what his
fate and that of Italy would be if
he stabbed France in the back, but
he paid no heed.
V’Vhat these mistakes have and
will cost the wretched Italian
people in lives, treasure and irre—
placeable buildings and monu—
ments. is immeasurable. One
cannot but feel sorry for them and
contempt for their betrayer.
I would like to conclude this
article with two extracts from a
summing up by George Trevelyan
(written in 1911) of the Risorgi-
mento and the life work “of
Garibaldi.
” The power of this great move—
ment has fortunately been directed
to the securing of Italian liberty
and not to the oppression of others.
While English, French, Ger—
man and Magyar freedom was all
vindicated more or less at the ex—
pense of some other race or races,
there is no one can complain that
he was enslaved in order that Italy
might be free. . In Italy herself
it is the traditions of the Risorgi-
mento that enrich and elevate her
children. . . . In the middle ages
the Italians could paint and build,
and trade and write, but they mur~
dered and tortured and slaughtered
each other like fiends. The change
towards humanity and freedom has
been immense." I
. ” So Garibaldi will live as the
incarnate symbol of two passions
not likely soon to die out of the
world, the love of country and the
love of freedom kept pure by the
one thing that can tame and yet
not weaken them, the tenderest
humanity of all mankind.”
But unfortunately, some years
after the above was written Musso~
lmi stepped on to the stage.
Loose Item
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