xt7qz60bxc8d https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7qz60bxc8d/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 1938 journals kaes_circulars_003_311 English Lexington : The Service, 1913-1958. Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 311 text Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 311 1938 2014 true xt7qz60bxc8d section xt7qz60bxc8d Q
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
Extension Division
541741;} THOMAS P. COOPER, Dean and Director
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T.'114;12
" CIRCULAR No. 311
is
  ELECTRIC SERVICE FOR THE FARMSTEAD
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..1- Wiring system lor the i~R1`lllS[(3LI(i.
Lexi11g‘t·0n, Kentucky
June, 1938
Published in connection with the agricultuml extension work carried on by cooperation I
bi the Collegeof IAgricu1ture, University of Kentucky, with the   S. Department of Agri- `
    dlstmbuted in furtherance oi the work provided for in the Act of Congress of L
1
1
1

 1
CONTENTS
Page
Uses of electricity on the farm .,...............,.....................,, 3
Sources of electricity for the farm .........,...................._.,.... 3
Steps in planning the farm wiring system .,..,........,.....,......._,_ 3
Decide what equipment is to be used .......,..................,.., 3
Make a drawing of the farmstead ............................,..,__ 5
Sketch house iioor plans ......................................,.,, 5
Employ an electrician. Get bids. Provide for inspection ....,...,.,, 5
Use good material .......,....................................,._, 5
Electrical terms ....................................,................,. 6
Direct current. Alternating current ..,.................,.....,___ __ 5
Volt. Ainpere ..................................................,,, 6
Watt ........,................................................,.... 1
Kilowatt—hour. Resistance. Ohms ................................ . T Il
Phase ............................................................, 3 zi
Fuses and circuit breakers ....................................,,___ 3 i~
Voltage drop, or line drop ..............................,........... 11 (
How consumption of electricity is measured ..........................,, 11 il
Wiring equipment ................................................._,_, 12 [I
Transformer ...................................................,., 12
Service wires ..,................................................,.. 14 JI
Grounding .....................,.................................. 16 U
Service equipment ......,..........................,.............. 18
Branch circuits and protective equipment ........................., 18 [1
Types of outlets and their location ...........,..................... 21 b
Current—bearing outlets. Switch outlets .......,..........,., .21
Outlet controls ................................................ 22 |>
Location of outlets .................................................... 22 U
Light outlets ....................................................,. 22
Switches. Convenience outlets .........................,......... . 24 ii
Special or heavy-duty outlets ...................................... 2-1 S.
Wiring code, permits and inspection ................................... . 26 `A
Wiring material. Size of wire. Insulation . ............................. 2T >l
Types of wiring ........................................................ 29 H,
Open wiring ....................................................... 29 ‘
Concealed knob—and—tube wiring .................................. 39
Armored cable or flexible conduit. Rigid conduit .................. 31
Nonmetallic cable. Metal moldings ................................ 32
Type of wiring to use .............................................. 32
Suggestions for wiring and lighting the house .......................... 33 4
Entrance or porch ................................................. 39 U
Halls .............................................................. 37
Living room ....................................................... 39 44
Dining room. Kitchen ............................................. 4U (4
Breakfast nook. Bedrooms ........................................ 41 . I
Bathroom. Attic. Basement ......................................, 49 *‘
Suggestions for wiring outbuildings ...................................1 42 11
Wiring between buildings ......................................... 42 ,
Yard lights ........................................................ 43 44
Other farm buildings. Barns ..............................,....... 43
Poultry houses ..................................................... 45
Safe carrying capacity of insulated copper wire .................,...... 46
xl

 X
pm Circular N0. 311
.,,. 3
...4 3
gg gf ELECTRIC SERVICE FOR THE FARMSTEAD
....   By J. B. KELLEY, IDA C. HAGMAN and EARL G. WELCH
..,, Q]
;;;i E I
..., 6 USES OF ELECTRICITY ON THE FAR1\rI
  2 The application ol electricity to agriculture is a recent develop-
-··—   ment. The use ol electricity may not only provide better lighting,
  8 added conveniences, leisure time and improved living conditions
···· ll; lor the rural family, but it may be a means of increasing the farm
  ll income. Electricity is used in the home lor lighting, cooking, re-
····   frigeration, washing, ironing, and lor operating the radio and other
  ti appliances. On the farm, it is used lor pumping water, milking cows,
···-   tooling milk, separating cream, sterilizing milk utensils, churning,
Iii rg providing cold storage, increasing   production, hatching eggs.
—···   brooding chicks, stimulating the growth ol plants and animals, trap-
  22 ping insects, lighting yards and buildings, ringing burglar alarms
—···   on poultry houses, heating soil in hotbeds, drying fruits and vege-
  24 tables, and operating all kinds of power—driven machines, such as
, ....   saws, spraying machines, feed cutters, threshing machines and·
    sheep shears. In fact, there are over 150 uses for electricity in
··»··   agriculture.
iiiii   SOURCES or ELECTRICITY FoR THE FARM
...,.   There are two sources of electricity for the farm, the individual
  3g tletztric plant operated by a water wheel, windmill or gas engine,
.....   on the larni, and the central power plant operated by a utility
iii; 39 company or cooperative association ol farmers, which supplies
.....   current over high-voltage lines. Individual farm plants, altho
  42 i satislactory lor lighting and lor operating small appliances, limit the
.....   uses ol` electricity for power and heating and do not provide electri-
  ii tity as cheaply as it can be obtained from a central station.
iii;   STEPS IN PLANNING THE FARM WIRING SYSTEM
’``'' 46 l. Decide Wim! Equijmienl ls to Be User!. Make a careful y
study ol` the purchase prices, the operating costs and uses ol` electrical  
l

 ~| ]\Y(’}l/II(`](}‘ [CX/(f)I.S`}())I Cirrtiz/ui" No. fill
equipment and reach zi decision as to what Hxtures, appliances and I.
motors may be purchased and used profitably at present and in tlic (
future. Helpful assistance and information may be obtained lmiii
C¤‘l"H2 I
C3Iv¢S "
Hogs s
$**2*: t I
Horses "" ° ‘
B · I6 ‘
_  _ g '
  I
Mach. “§w§:h“ Pu er Ou·Hc+ fanny Hog I
Shed. Corn B House (
ib ———
YM USM _,r j' H
/" Serve}.: Swifch
Gar  A \‘
M .;:,l;§mT§;m  Service I
, _“_“ ·_ I   n SGVHYII  
M I`LQ }_1I|' { , Fiwif
V  QQ Weil “ I
. \.~ SWAP, I Poultry H
Swi I
, i . A I ;|
~· .  "• : (
I I
. · .I I
'~ ' ‘ ·  • Garden I
I s ·. >
A   egqrikh I
* W — ·~ ·
i {/if ~
klx I '
»`_ 1  §   K.
ul
6* * ‘
.1 *` Il Lu
‘·. , .*. , Orchard.
_ wl \ I
. ·’ 2*
il;. ` I ,~, LAWN I Nm- I
60 J5   " I A~N¤§Izss+I;‘an N¤.6wi»jI¤
" V * E
rm` .`  sam/3] I B No IGSST IH N¤,I0v·lrf I
----0- —- -- --—— -0- --——-· -----5- —-—— ——-.-—-4·>--—- · -
High Lmc l
RoA0 {
Fmukz 1. A farmstead showing location of buildings and the electrical distribution lines. l
_ N
your county and home demonstration agents, from the trade liter- `
ature of lll2llllll`ZIC[lll`CI`S, Iironi the Rural Eleetriiieation r\(lllllllihll`Il·
tion. \\’ashington, D. C., I`ronI the Extension Division, University ul H

 Electric Service for A/ic Farm.s‘tca.(f 5
limd lgtemucky, und from your local electrical contractors, dealers, uml
l UIC engineers of tl1e utility company or rural electrificution ussoeiution, y
from 2. Jlla/ce ct Drawing of I/ze l*`urm.s‘lcrtd. Prepare a SllTl1)lC sketch
to scale of tl1e l.Zll`1llSLC2l(l,% u11d locate on it tl1e various buildings.
'l`l1is sketch will aid i11 locating the Ll`2lllSfi()1`111Cl` pole, the entrance
service wires. meter, switches und entrance wires to tl1e various
buildings, lllltl in determining the size of wires to use between build—
ings. See Figure l.
3. »S]¢ on euch tl1e location of light outlets, switches, convenience outlets
und heavy-duty outlets for Witter heaters, runge and motors. This
work should be do11e in consultation with u competent electrician.
.\ copy of tl1e wiring pluns sl1ould be kept by tl1e owner until tl1e
_ work is completed uml accepted (see floor pluns Figure 23, 24, 25).
Al. Em];/oy an Ef(?(`f)`Z·(.`I·(l}I. Furnish the above information to `
zt competent. electrician so that he muy complete the wiring pluns
" und specifications in accordance with tl1e National Electric Code,
or such stute und locul requirenients us may be i11 force at tl1e time
the installation is made, (l(iLCl`]llllllllg tl1e kind of wiring system. tl1e
size of service wires, switches uml fuses, tl1e llll11ll)Cl` aml size ofQ
brunch circuits and kind of wiring niuteriuls uml fixtures to use.
_‘ The engineer of tl1e Utility Company or Association furnishing tl1e
current should be consulted regarding the size und location of
trunsfortner.
5. Gel Birfs. After tl1e plans und specifications have been
toinpleted, get bids [rom reliable contractors who have earned repu-
tzuions for dependability and hrst—cluss workmansliip.
  ti. Provide for [Il.?/)('('fI·()}I. Require tl1e contractor to get ull
.» |lt`(`('SS2ll’>` permits. After the work is completed have tl1e wiring
l"`- V inspected uml tested for grounds and short circuits. uml huve the
_‘ tontructor give you u certihcate of final inspection aml upprovul
n1i¤<‘>- lltllll tl1e inspection bureau huving jurisdiction. The contractor
lm_l__ *ll<>uld guuruntee his work und materials to be in uccordunce with
lim_u_ Ntttoiiul Electrical Code or prevailing code aml agree in writing
.fl\’ ttf ‘l\’Ieuning the part where the buildings are and uny other part where electricity l
’ Nitty be needed. \
l

 ‘i
ti lxcnliic/ty [`i.\`l(’H.Vi()H Circa/ur No. fill
to replace without extra charge any material or work which de-
telops defects (except from accident or misuse) within one year gu
lrom date ol completing the wiring. {
7. Use (ioorl Mr:/erin/. Use only equipment, wire. appliances l'
or lixtures that. have been listed or labeled as having been inspected
or approved by the l·`ire Underwriters Laboratories (see Figure 2). it]
       
  $29.;.;...%::. %....,·—~"  ,,$_t,==¤ ri- 
Frcuxz 2. Labels that should he found on wiring equipment, indicating that the
materials conform to the minimum requirements of the Underwriters Laboratories. They
do not specify the exact quality of the product.
ELECTRICAL TERMS
.\ knowledge ol the lollowing electrical terms will be valuable iu
planning the larmstead wiring system and in the selection aud
operation ol the electrical equipment.
l. Direc! Currezzl (DC). Current that llows in the same diret-
tion all the time. Batteries and direct-current generators produce
direct current. Small community electric plants and home light
plants usually produce direct current.
2. A/leriialing Current (AC) . The direction ol the current is
reversed at a regular rate. The number ol complete reversals. or
cycles, occurring per second is the "frequency" ol the current. .\
lrequency ol` 60 cycles is common lor lighting and power currents.
Most rural electric transmission lines carry alternating current.
Fl. Vol!. The unit ol measure ol electrical pressure. lt cor-
R responds to pound pressure in a water system. Electrical enetgl
tan he transmitted at high voltage more cheaply, over longer dis-
tances and with a smaller energy loss than when low voltages att ‘
used. ‘  
l. .·lni/zerc. The unit lor measuring the rate ol` llow ol` electii- _
city. lt corresponds to gallons per minute ol water flowing thru a I'-
pipe. lt is used to designate the size ol fuses, switches. the sale l’
carrying capacities ol` wire and current used by electrical equip- |‘
ment.

 E/rrr/2/r Swrwirrr for //1r· I:(l)i}I'I.\`/('{l([ 7
n cle- 5. Wu!/. The unit ol electrical power. Watts 1 volts ;-(
year amperes. .\ kilowatt ; l()()(l watts. A liorsepower ; 7Iti watts.
The sizes of electric light bulbs and electrical appliances are stated i
tutes in watts.
gC[€([ 6. K/i[O?l.’(lt{·H(}7.ll`. r1lh€ ZIIHOUIIL ol €I1C1`gy tit)ll$ti111Q(l by an
`e 2). appliance working at the rate of one kilowatt lor one hour.
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?$ ill-(I l 4 FYVJVHE Ii. ¢A» \Veather-proof glass-covered meter. rB> Ncnmetallic Cable Se1‘\'iCF
'l;2:l~d'C* Service cable to branch circuit panel placed on back porch. tD1 Driven
S` in .
lem}
hru a l'.l(‘(lI`l(`ll}‘ is ptxrclrasecl at so niucli per kilowatt hour. 'l`l1e num-
2 sale l><‘r ol kilowatt-hours ol` electricity tionsunietl is usually rt·t·orroduces. Thus, a three- nhase motor
I n
requires three currents acting simultaneously, whereas a single.
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Fmum: 4. Watt-hour meter housed in weather-proof me-tal box. i I
phase motor requires only one. A three-phase motor should he
used where more than 5 horsepower is required. Of course its use I
implies access to a three—phase transmission system. Rural distri- I
Imtion lines are designed For singlephase or three—phase current. t
fl. ]'ll[X(’.$` and CIi?`('III-/ Iirwt/cz·r.s`. A Iuse is a safety device pIa<·<·ecihed in am eres. There are three tv yes of [use; the
.s or I1
nolor
ingle. ,·t. .. . _  
.     -···
‘*s‘ lr E E  
 we ,. W,   &
` at   ‘    ‘
Q 1 — -
A   6 5 we  
Ficmu: 5. A, a cartridge fuse which has to be renewed when burned out. B. a
cartridge fuse which may be taken apart and a new fuse element inserted. C, screw
plugs for the end of the cartridge. D, the fuse element, E, the slotted disks for hold-
mg the fuse element in place.
ey    Y       ._ ‘
,#., .   ·~-· {   iiyi -  A — 
  1.     “», - T . 
Ficuiir: 6. A and B, plug fuses. C, an adapter for rt "nontamper" fuse. D. nen-
iainper fuse which fits the adapter C. Only one size of fuse fits the adapter socket C,
thus preventing the possibility of over or under fusing the circuit.
rartridge (Figure 5), the plug or screw socket, and the “non tamper"
· which helps to prevent overfusing because a fuse ol` zi diH’erent
iunpere rating does not fit the socket (Figure 6).
ld hc The automatic circuit breaker for home wiring systeins has
ts use been placed on the market recently (see Figure 7). It serves the
distr1— same purpose as the fuse. This device avoids re-fusing branch cir-
Sill. iuits and prevents over fusing. \iVhen the circuit has been broken ~
>la<‘<‘\` Lin excessive eurrent, service may be restored after col`FeClilig° (
l
l
l
. l
I

 ll) ]\’<')l/ll('/v’)‘ lfx/ensimz Circular N0. Bl l
the dillicultv lr throwino a lever down to the “oiI”’ Josition an
[ ¤ (
then fully up to the "on" position. A circuit breaker acts limi]
as a switch and a safety device, A [use or circuit breaker should
never be made ino ierative bv carr *in<>` the current around it, on 4
r D ·l
wire. Fuses or circuit breakers should never be ilaced in tI1~
t
grounded neutral wire ol` a circuit.
  `izl   =».Y   ii   * A ai.— .-
  · BE E un
 3 nun -—-·»—·—-·-····—-/»»··~·»··-···»·/ u&
Q nuvr Manu AI nlA\•¤»~•t1 Itvnho  run vnu mnt . 
  CAV. III!. YN! IIIINIVLL [Lit, NIE. B0. V.A.¢.
  I .mm::xm,::.·>..
  . or:    .... _ E usr
ig?'_   -t·4 `
2; . . $*1   ....P£
  _ liv! · ' YM ·
 Dy V .
Fromm 7. Automatic circuit breaker panel with switches for controlling four branch
circuits and one range circuit. A, B. C and D, branch circuit controls for lights and
small appliances. E, range circuit control. Controls A and C are shown in "of[" pos1·
tion. Controls B and E are shown in "on" position. Control D is shown in a position
indicating that the circuit breaker has automatically disconnected the circuit because 01
trouble on that line.

 I
E/ec/rfc Service for I/ze Fz1rm.s·/earl I I
1 aml I0. Vo//age Drop or Line Drop is the drop in electrical pres-
botli sure (volts) along any conductor carrying electric current. l·`or
houltl motor operation the voltage drop should not exceed 5 percent ol
. on a no-load voltage (5.75 volts on 115 volt circuit) and lor light, heat.
n the or appliance circuits it should not be greater than 2 percent or
2.2 volts on a 110 volt circuit. \\”here practical, the size ol the
leeder conductors should be such that the voltage drop up to the
Iirst distribution point lor the load should HOL exceed 2 percent
or 2.3 volts on a 115 volt circuit.
HOW CONSUMPTION OF ELECTRICITY IS MEASURED
The kilowatt-hour is the unit of measure by which electricity is
purchased just as a bushel is the unit lor measuring wheat and
corn. For example, a 100-watt light bulb operating l`or I0 hours
uses a kilowatt—hour of electrical energy. By dividing the number
ol` watts required to operate any appliance into 1000, it is possible
to determine the number ol hours the appliance 1nay operate on I
kilowatt hour il` the current {lows continuously during the period
ol` use. A 500-watt llatiron will operate a minimum ol` 2 hours
(III00 divided by 500 ; 2) on I kilowatt-hour ol` electrical energy.
ln actual practice the iron may be operated lor more than 2 hours
llecause the current is turned oII` either automatically or by operator
when the iron heats above a certain temperature.
'l`he mnnber ol kilowatt—hours ol electricity consumed is usually
recorded by an instrument known as a watt-hour meter. (See Figures
fl and Ll.) lt consists ol` a small motor operating clock-work at a
speed depending upon the power that is being used. To read the
meter, record the last number on each dial that the hand has
passed, reading the dials right to lelt (see illustration).
Blogs ggolz alogs sgola logs sqclz logs Bgglz
5251 76%; gui-; 'IGE4; $$67 16243 Q67 76 543
This meter reading is 1375. This meter reading is 1519.
ihl);n,ll,li;l llle reading on the second dial from the right, altho the hand is
Flilisidiili at number 2 should be read as number one until the hand which (
°“""°l ll\0\‘t‘S clockwise on the lirst dial has passed xero. To ll(‘lC1`IIIIII(’ (
`
l
I

 I2 ]\'(’?I/Il(`]€)‘ EN/(’lI.\`l()lI Cirriilur No. Sli
the amount of electricity used in one month, read the meter on the
same day each month and subtract the preceding month's reading
i`rom the latter; l5l9 ~ 1375 : l»l¢1 kilowatt-hours. The outside
meter mounted on the house should preferably be placed on back
porch or near the rear of the structure, where it will not detract from
the appearance ol the house but may be conveniently read.
i C  -»     V
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 E
 
 
Fmum: 8. Arrangement, at the entrance to a iarm. Transformer, A. Lightning ar-
rester, B. Overload protector, C. Pole, D. Distribution lines, E. Hot wire, F, A Guy wire
used as Ground, G. Secondary service wires, H, from transformer to buildings.
WIRING EQUIPIVIENT
Tran.s·form.er. Electricity for a power line is generaied at some
central station and transmitted over the rural distribution line tu
a high voltage. At the farm, the transformer reduces the high

 E
/{/er/rir; Sr¢rwi¢·c for //70 Frzriimleurl 12
I the mltage to zi lower voltage (115 or 230 volts) suitable for operating
dwg the light and power equipment used (see 1·igures 8 and 9). The .
[Suk high-\’Ol[2lgC \Vll`€S COl'lYl€‘Ct€d to {IIC U”2lllSfO1`Hl€l” {YOU] [IIC lhllill
back HUC {ITC l' .\,, .   2
A _ J .`__ L  .
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   ;j _ $ ··£  I   ;»   
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nz ar- 1 — —--· - "   , ,. ~ me
y wwe
\ Ficunz 9. Transformer, A. Lightning ztrrester, B. Overload protector, C. Enclosed
meter, D. Service switch, E. Ground, F. Cable for underground service, G. All mount-
ed on the same pole.
IE ll`Zil1Sf0l`lT1€l` to [[16 S€l'VlC€ Wll`€S OI] ll1€ l`2ll`Hl 2lI`(‘ ll1(T S€(`0Il(l?lI`}
SOI] V, - _ . .
dl \\Il€S. (SEP Flgllffj     two- OT (h]`€€-Wll`€ S€l`\’l(`€' I]12l\' [UP
[IC' _ · . . .'
high I)l"“'l(l€(l HOTT] I‘h(° fT;]11Sf()l`1]1€\`, A f\\'0—Wll`€ S€‘l`\'}{`(’ I]l?lk€S QIVIIIIHIWIKT `
· lliwolr current: zi three-wire service, l|5-volt and 230-volt current.  
 

 W
I·1 Iver:/11e/cy 1j.vlt*11sfu11. Circ11lurNo. Elll
Tl1e size of Zl l1`2lI]SfO]`1]lCl` may be expressed i11 k. v. 21. (kilo-volt ·
aniperes) or i11 kilowatts. rI`1`Z\l]SliO1`111C1`S of sizes 1`Hllglllg from   1
to 5 lt. v. 21. (l500 to 5000 watts) will h21ve ZL sufhcient capacity lm 1
IIIOSL f21rms in Kentucky, providing power for 111otors up to 5 hp.
lll S()lllC cases, il larger transformer will be needed. The size I11 I
11se depends upon tl1e maximum 21111ot111t of electricity required ill 1
one ti111e. A r21nge or W&1tC1` heater, however, usually requires a El or 1
a 5 ltilo—volt ampere transformer and a three-wire service. i·\s the 1
efficiency of a transformer is highest when operated at its rated load. ,
it is IHOSL economical to use one of the right capacity. lf it is 11111 1
large, the greater will be the electrical energy losses in tl1e ll`lll]s·
former. If the tr2111sfor111er is too Slllllll for tl1e Clll`]`Clll require-
ments, it may be injured 2111d the regulation voltage will vary ex-
cessively. The size of transformer to use should be decided by 2111
engineer of the 11tility company or 21ssociation that will furnish
tl1e current, after consulting the farmer regarding the total l]LlIlll)Cl`
and sizes of lights, appliances and motors tl121t will be used. The
transforiner may easily be replaced by one of larger size \Vll(f]l the
(`ll]`l`Cl1[ Ct)I1SlllIl1)tlOll is to be increased by adding l11()1`C or l2ll`gCl
equipment.
Tl1e transfor111er is CODll1lOl1ly mounted o11 a pole of tl1e 11121i11
distribution line at 1l1e highway in front of the li2lI`lllStC2l(l. \\'hert·
1l1e farm buildings 1o be served are scattered or are located at some
(llStZ\ll(TC back from the road, it is advisable to loc21te the tl`2lllSl-()l`IllCl
11earer tl1e buildings, at the center of the electrical load, so t]1211 the
service wires may be as short as possible to distribute 1l1e electricity 1
to all the b11ildings with the least drop in voltage a11d loss of 1
power. (See Figure 1.)
Tl1e pole to which the L1`2ll]SfOl`ITlCI` is fastened should not he 1
located \\'llCl`C it will be used as il hitching post, wl1ere l`21I`lIl ilIllIll1|l\ 1
will rub against i1, or where it may interfere with 1l1e 1I]()\’Clll(’lll Ul ‘
l-}ll`lll lll1lCl1ll1Cl`}'. l11 lH()Sl instances, o11e fl'1lllSl`()l’lIlCl` should he `
i11s1alled for each l`Zll`l]\Sl.CZl(l. One transforiner lllily serve 11111
lilll`lllSl(`1l(lS if 1l1ey are not too far apart, and the wire is properly ·
sized to prevent an excessive voltage drop.
Sl’}`1"f(`(' ll'l·}`(’.\`. The service wires. (`()lllll1()lll}` called 1l1e S(‘l`\'l(l` 1
drop. are the wires (`\l(`ll(llIlg Iro111 1l1e S('(`()l\(ll|l'y, or l(l\\'r\'1>lll|l;l`.

 1;/{'(,`/)`l}C Serv/ce [or //11* I"/l)`IIl.¥I{'{l({ I5
,_\.(,;I tmc ol the transformer to the head ol the service entrance conduit
I ily;) (yr Cable at the building (see Figure lll) . The service entrance con-
}- rm (rumors are those extending from the head to the main switch,
3 hp. l·`or an overhead service entrance, the National Electric Code
ze to permits the use ol` rigid metal conduit, electrical metallic tubing and
ed at service entrance cable. For underground entrance conductors.
t El or the code permits the use ol` lead—covered cable in rigid metal conduit.
s the electrical metallic tubing, lead-covered cable in tile or liber duct
load. or anv other underground cable designed to withstand action ol the
s too dreinical agents in the soil.
;raus»
_ C`en1ra/ Sfaf/on ,._’<
lllll`C· prsrnnufmn lm: / ~\
`\' QX- House Bmrker I-/9}*7 / by/Ir
I ; q té?-7
_ §;· - {V Three - wwe
>v an   Frlmw Wm , l - ,. ,
1 .   °‘$‘iZ‘1°" ¤ /di House iii? " ,/ BARN
rnish Il m,,5,,,,,,g, yjwnm F
Hlbcl. Neuro! __ %Ij
» — . T A T'7f¢¢"W""5"""""  "U9"’ wear/vcr I _'_é_·
llllt` {0,,/y 2 wires new/cd Swvch L-UPM r L//2;
H [IIC for fwv-VV/YE 5”""°'} / { [ioywnrenrc ·-J 9
E,.,,m,,,_-7\/  ./Ou!/ef l Sgrwce
ilrgel [am/vif -·`f -*}’·‘$7"'·E’¤?'“¥' ‘
V ·» v  ( ~ · ··     Bmnr/rG}cv/f»>‘ " \  
i   L] -~ Fuse Hme/ ‘q 
nlm tjfvv/fd érawufvy  {Q5 . ZF/ecrr/c Fvvye $9  _
I i I Pipe  QZ; _ Orc:/rf J" ’“*""’d’”9 .
V1 ___  'Q ’ ; Frye
ILM M6f€f and Service Sw//zh  
SUNW 1·’u:uiu@ 10. General plan of a wiring system for 115- and 120-volt, centrzxl-station current.
rrmei
ill the Two general tv res ol service are used on the farm; the two-wire.
n ,
ricitv used lor a ll5»volt system, and the llll`C(j·\\'1l`C. lor the ll.5 and 230
rss ol volt system. The llll`CC·\\'ll`C service is reeommerltlecl lor most larnrs.
lt provides lor a wider range ol` possible uses ol` electricity than does
ot he the two-wire system. Almost an unlimited mnnber ol branch circuits
rituals and outlets may be installed on the three-wire service. il` the proper
But ol sl/es ol wires. liuses and switches are used. It permits the lIS(f ol
ld be both IIB- and 2?5()—volt ec ui >ment. ll` an electric ran re. a water
l i
· two llt‘21lt‘l` or motors over l ,r’’' V . horse rower are to he used. the ll1l`€e—W1l`C
, .s l
rperly *}N|t‘ut should be provided.
Service wires should be si/ed in accordance with the (Iode to
(·i·vil|ag<‘. N"· S .\.\\'.($. (.\Illt’I`l(`§IIl wire gage). l£lectrical equipment may y
i

 lti /{cn/ttl Icy lixlcnsion Circttlur No. F11 l
be operated more economically on a 230-volt circuit than on one
of 115 Volts.
One of the wires of the three-wire system, known as the neutral
or grounded wire, should be connected to moist earth. Neutral
wires should be white or bare, where permitted, for identification.
(lonnecting an appliance to the neutral and one ungrounded (hot)
wire provides current at 115 volts, but connecting across the two {
ungrounded wires (hot wires) provides 230 volts.
Grounding. The National Electric Code provides that all
wiring systems carrying alternating current be connected to a metal
ground buried in the earth. The purpose of grounding is to prevent
loss of current, property damage and to protect people and livestock i
from being killed or severely shocked by stray electric charges caused
by insulation leakage or by lightning. Grounding is the most
important precaution to be taken to ensure a safe wiring system.
The code specifies that a continuous metallic underground watet
piping system shall be used as the grounding electrode but where
such a piping system is not available, artihcial grounds shall be used.
On a farm, artihcial grounds should be provided because, il the
wiring system is connected to the pipe of a farm water system whiclt t
provides water for drinking cups and tanks [or livestock, it mat
under certain conditions become dangerous. The code requires
(Article 250, 1937 Code) that, where artihcial grounds are used.
the electrodes be imbedded below permanent moisture level. Metal
plates, iron or steel rods or pipes may be used for electrodes.
A common way to make an artificial ground is to drive a length
of galvanized pipe not less than   in diameter into the earth to a i
depth of 8 feet. \tVhere rock lies close to the surface, drive two  
lengths of galvanized pipe not less than 3/L" in diameter, at leasta , i
leet apart, to a depth ol at least. li l`eet. These two pipes then must
be rigidly connected with pipe and Httings and connected to thc (
grounding conductor of the wiring system. lf the pipes can not lic t
driven live l`eet into the earth, a ground can be made by burying t
tt ill" g2ll\'QIl1l/('(l pipe l2 leet long. horizontally in :1 tr<·ntl1 Tllj t
Feet deep. .—\bout a bushel ol wet charcoal should be put over thc »
pipe before the trench is Hlled with soil. Artilicial grounds made 1

 E](’('/)`I.(' S('l`?/I·(`€ for //1rr Frirmslcurl IY
,1] Om ,,|' metal plates Sl1<>Ul(l ]>l`€S€lit ll<>l lGSS than two square feet (ii
surluee to the soil. Grounds inzide ol plate copper should not be
\€uU_al |c$5 than .06 lll(`llCS llllCl< llll(l lh0S<3 ol, il`i>ll Ol` steel 1101 less lllilll
Cumil   inch thick.
intinn. ‘
(hot) V "_  
lc uw          
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nt all __       www
nietzil _ _, _. ,,‘~   ,.» . ri K ‘     -
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revent     {  
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iestock      ’  v ` ilzii *·— —`~ 
caused   {3**     .  Tw
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mi   as ‘ ‘;*-;;E#¤? "` » =¤  ‘
H l`   ' , _i  ' ,,_ .759*   4  
. xv .itt1  iykcft I, A   T: 0,.,:3%;   [
iz   i.·. .-·J 1 r . V » ‘ 5*: 
where