xt7s1r6n0r48 https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7s1r6n0r48/data/mets.xml DeFriese, Lafayette H. 1877 books b96-13-34908769 English Stereotyped for the Survey by Major, Johnston & Barrett, Yeoman Press, : Frankfort, Ky. : Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Timber Kentucky. Report on the timbers of the North Cumberland : Bell and Harlan counties / by Lafayette H. DeFriese. text Report on the timbers of the North Cumberland : Bell and Harlan counties / by Lafayette H. DeFriese. 1877 2002 true xt7s1r6n0r48 section xt7s1r6n0r48 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KENTUCKY. N. S. SHALER, DIRECTOR. REPORT ON THX TIMBERS OF THE NORTH CUMBERLAND) BELL AND HARLAN COUNTIES. BY LAFAYETTE H. DEFRIESE. PART IX. VOI.. IV. SECOND SERIES. CTUXUOTKD Fro THE SUJRVEY ST MAJOR, JO4N3TON PAREROTI, YWMAN PROS, PRANEFO3T, A3. 365 h 366 This page in the original text is blank. INTRODUCTORY LETTER. Professor N. S. SHALER, Director Kentucky Geological Survey: DEAR SIR: I herewith send you a report on the timbers of the North Cumberland, which is a continuation, both in method and purpose, of a previous report on the timbers of four counties of Western Kentucky. The study upon which the present report is based was made during July and Au- gust, 1876, and was sufficiently exhaustive to insure accuracy and a reasonable degree of completeness. Very respectfully, LAFAYETTE H. DEFRIESE. NEW YORK, March 20, i877. 367 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE NORTH CUM- BERLAND-BELL AND HARLAN COUNTIES. The method of study pursued in investigating the timber of the North Cumberland necessarily differed somewhat from that indicated in a former report on the timbers of Grayson, Breckinridge, Hancock, and Ohio dounties. The reason is, that the latter counties are comparatively level, are largely settled, and their timbers had to be studied with reference to the effects which clearing away the old forests would have upon the future timber growth of the counties. In the pres- ent report, on the contrary, the country is almost impassably mountainous; comparatively a very small proportion of land has been cleared, and the mountains are still crowned by their vast and primitive growths. The end to be attained in this report is, evidently, to give a conception as clear as possible of the present condition of these timbers. I have, therefore, not done so much plotting of ground and numbering of trees as was given in the former report; for it is manifestly very difficult, if not impossible, for the mind to pass from the coIi- sideration of a few detached and poorly representative plots of ground, of a few hundred square yards each, to the com- prehension of a vast forest whose area comprehends millions of acres. Another difficulty lies in the way of giving a clear impres- sion of the timbers under discussion. They grow upon a per- fect net-work of mountains. There is no regular gradation of timbers on these mountain chains; so no fairly representative one can be chosen and studied which will give data for a re- port upon, and a clear comprehension of, the whole. On the contrary, the mountains are sharply divided into those whose forest must rank among the finest in this or any other coun- See report on the timbers of those counties in volume II of this series. 368 CUMBERLAND-BELL AND HARLAN COUNTIES. try and those whose timbers are, at best, only tolerably good, often mediocre. There are no intermediate chains. To the former class belong the Black Mountain and its spurs; to the latter class, the Brush, Pine, and Cumberland mountains. I tried to find out the reason of this extraordinary difference in the timbers of mountain ranges which are all intermingled, and whose geological composition is essentially the same. My opinion is, that the difference is due to the position of the underlying rocks. In the Pine, Cumberland, and Brush moun- tains these rocks have an average dip of 140 to 250. The re- sult is, that in passing up one face of the mountain we climb directly up the dip, which so nearly coincides with the slope of the mountain that the beating of summer rains and the action of winter snows keep the soil washed off nearly down to the rocks themselves, leaving no ground for the roots of a massive forest growth to take hold and flourish in. The result is a stunted growth of hardy trees, whose roots are spread out on the surface of the barely covered rock below, such as moun- tain chestnut oak and rather small sizes of chestnut, red oak, pin oak, and the various pines. On going down the opposite side of these mountains, the continual masses of outcropping rocks, forming a steep and precipitous descent, leave no room for other timbers than the Rhododendron (wild rose bay), Kal- mia latifolia (American laurel), and such shrubs as cling to the faces of rocky cliffs. On the Black Mountain and its spurs, on the other hand, the rocks are horizontal, and the slowly accumulating detritus clings to their surfaces, whose position opposes the slope of the mountain at such an angle as to hold the detritus in place. A loose soil accumulates, in which an abundance of forest weeds spring up, and the decay of leaves and of these an- nually dying weed-tops constantly adds richness and depth to the soil already in position. The consequence is, that, in the parts of the Black Mountains familiar to me, even on the steepest slopes, there is a rich alluvial soil of from two to four feet in depth. For this reason, there is a growth of chestnut, tulip tree (yellow poplar), black walnut, white and VOL. IV.-24 369 5 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE NORTH blue ash, birch, linden, and white hickory, that I have never seen surpassed. As no mountain could be chosen for study which would fairly represent the timber of the country, my method was to make sections across Black Mountain and its spurs, and also across Brush and Pine Mountains. I chose some as nearly representative locality as possible at which to cross the moun- tains, and at every hundred barometric feet in height, more or less, I noted the proportion, size, and condition of growth of all the timber distinctly visible from that point. This method will, of course, give the height above drainage at which any species disappears or is introduced. I tried also to get the proportional effects of alluvial soil and of nearness to water upon what are known as swamp timbers. It is well known that some timbers are found only on bottom lands, and never appear very high above water-level; bult, whether this fact is due more to the presence of the detritus from the hills, which always forms an alluvial soil along the streams, or whether the presence of water is absolutely essential to their growth, I was not able to determine. In the former case, the same timbers would grow on such soils, whether close to water or not. An experiment, showing whether these swamp timbers will grow on alluvial soils high above water, or whether they will grow near water without an alluvial soil, would be very interesting. My own opinion is, that the soil, not the water, is the essential part with most of them. I was led to this opinion by noticing that little benches, high up on the moun- tains, where there is no constant drainage, but where deep alluvial soil has accumulated, grew most of the swamp tim- bers; but, as a certain amount of water always found its way during rains into these depressions, it was impossible to get data enough to warrant more than a mere conjecture. In regard to the relation between the old and the young forest growths in this region, with the exception of walnut timber and of other timbers in certain localities, I see no rea- son why the present proportions between the two should be materially changed in the near future. 370 6 CUMBERLAND-BELL AND HARLAN COUNTIES. The walnut timber is as ruthlessly destroyed in Eastern as in Western Kentucky. I saw a magnificent walnut tree, forty inches in diameter, with a trunk of more than fifty feet in length, cut for rails-a tree worth hundreds of dollars sac- rificed for a few panels of fence. No care whatever is taken either to preserve the old forest walnut now standing or to encourage the young growth. Besides this, except in cer- tain localities, there is a practice of yearly -burning off the woods," which is doing almost irreparable injury to the forests in those parts of Black and Brush mountains where the tim- bers are finest. Especially in the Black Mountains, there is a very heavy growth of weeds that yearly die down, and, with the fallen leaves, make a perfect mass of highly combustible material. Late in the fall, when these are driest, they are set on fire, and the heat is great enough to kill every bush that has appeared during the year. As this is done year after year, there is no chance whatever for a young forest growth to start. The consequence is, that in those parts of Black Mountains where the present forests are most dense and valuable, there is not a single young tree or bush to be found. In many places this practice has been going on so long that the old forest is rapidly dying out with age, and there is nothing coming on to take its place. If the practice of burning off the mountains is not stopped immediately, at any rate long enough for a new forest to get a permanent hold, so that fire cannot destroy it, before many years a mountain as rich in valuable timbers as any I know of in this country will be almost, if not entirely, stripped of its precious products. Some extra care should certainly be taken to pre- serve and perpetuate so rich a forest of such timbers as black walnut, black, white, and blue ash, white hickory, tulip tree, black birch, etc. So valuable are the ashes and the white hickory now becoming, that a Paris carriage manufacturing firm is thinking seriously of establishing a spoke factory in some part of Kentucky, where these timbers can be most easily obtained. Already there is a very large trade going on in Liriodendron or tulip tree (called yellow poplar) timber, 371 7 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE NORTH logs of which are cut from the mountains and floated down the Cumberland in immense numbers every winter. How- ever, I see no reason to apprehend any near exhaustion of this timber, if more care is taken to prevent the killing of the young growths by fire, which certainly should be done. At least a dozen species of the most valuable timbers in the mar- kets of the world now grow in large quantities on the Black Mountain ridges. Their extinction would be even more than a State calamity. In fact, Kentucky alone might, at the ex- pense of a few hundred dollars, have exhibited at Philadel- phia, in i876, a collection of timbers which would have rivaled the timber exhibit of any foreign country in the quality, vari- ety, and value of its woods. I deem it best, before commencing a more minute consid- eration of the effect of different soils. height above drainage, etc., upon different timbers, to refer generally to some pecu- liarities that struck me, in the distribution and growth of cer- tain varieties of trees. As black walnut is the most valuable of the timbers, I shall commence with that. I made a section across Black Mountain, starting on the Cumberland river, at Hezekiah Hall's, not far from the dividing line between Bell and Harlan counties. My barometer, at the starting point, stood 1,870. At a height of about I,3oo barometric feet above the datum point, and about 500 barometric feet be- low the crest of the mountain, I found a remarkable belt of the finest old-forest walnut timber that I have ever seen. The trees are more scattering now in this belt than they have been; for the trunks of several of the finest, which had fallen during the year, were still lying there. There is no under- growth of any kind whatever to be found within the compass of this belt, owing to the practice before mentioned of burn- ing off the woods yearly. The belt to which the walnut tim- ber is almost wholly confined.here,is only of the width covered by a height of a little more than ioo barometric feet; that is, at the lower edge of the belt my barometer registered about 3,ioo, and at the upper edge about 3,240. On a steep moun- tain side this forms a very narrow strip of ground. About 372 8 CUMBERLAND-BELL AND HARLAN COUNTIES. 3oo barometric feet below this walnut belt I noted a bed of outcropping coal sixteen inches thick. The walnut itself is growing on a very rich loamy soil, partly detritus and partly decayed vegetable matter, about two feet deep, almost en- tirely devoid of undergrowth of trees, but perfectly matted with a rank growth of forest weeds, fully ten feet high in places. This walnut-growing belt winds along the mountain as far as I had time to trace it (which was not very far, how- ever), always at about the same height above the river below. I noticed that it was just under the top crest of the mountain, and crossed precisely at the heads of the various little streams that flowed from under that crest and made their way to the river below. One of the many magnificent walnut trees that I found in this peculiar belt was fourteen feet six inches in circumference, with a curling but straight and beautiful trunk, sixty feet in length. In an area of twelve hundred and fifty square yards in this belt the principal timbers were: Black walnut.. ....... 6; average diameter ... . 40 inches. Buckeye... ... .I.5; I I ........29 White ash. .. . .3 ; one of them with diameter 34 Linden. . . . 6; average diameter.... 23 But this plot of ground was a choice one. There is not such an average of walnut as that even in the belt here spoken of. Another case of peculiarity in the growth of certain tim- bers which I noted, is that of the hemlock (Abies canadensis) of Eastern Kentucky. In this part of the country the hem- lock is confined wholly, so far as I know, to Conglomerate formations; so that the presence of this timber, in any local- ity in this part of Kentucky, is a guarantee that the geolog- ical formation there is Conglomerate. Of course, in other parts of the country, hemlock grows on other than Conglom- erate soils; and of course, too, not all Conglomerate soils of Kentucky grow hemlock. Through all the coal regions of Western Kentucky I never saw a single tree of it. But not only is the hemlock of Eastern Kentucky confined to Con- glomerate formations; it is also never found very high above local drainage. In the whole course of Cumberland river, from Cumberland Gap to near its head waters, and on all the 373 9 10 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE NORTH various small streams that rise in Brush, Black, Pine, and Cumberland mountains, and flow into Cumberland river, I have never seen a single hemlock more than one hundred barometric feet above local drainage, except in one spot. That was shortly after crossing the Harlan county line in as- cending the Cumberland, where I found some hemlock trees on top of the bluff, that here rises precipitately from the river to a height of two hundred feet. But even in this case, although the trees are two hundred barometric feet above the river, on the opposite side of the hemlock from the river is a considerable depression, through which a branch runs most, if not all, of the year; so that this is not strictly an exception to the statement that I never saw a hemlock, in this part of Kentucky, growing more than one hundred feet above local drainage. So far as my observation extends, therefore, the presence of a hemlock tree in Kentucky proves two things: Conglomerate formation, and water, present part of the year at least, within one hundred barometric feet. The last peculiarity of growth that I shall notice here, is that of the white oak. In a former report on the timbers of some parts of Western Kentucky (volume II, page 339) 1 mentioned the want of hardihood in the white oak, inferred from the fact that Spanish oak, red oak, pin oak, etc., when left to free competition with the white oak, in the course of time choke it out and supplant it. In Eastern Kentucky, where the mountains are sufficiently high for exposure to dif- ferent points of the compass to produce a marked effect on the timbers, I found a confirmation of my former opinion in regard to the comparative sensitiveness of the white oak. In making a section across Black Mountain, along what is called Hall's branch, not far from the Harlan county line, the hills on either side of the hollow are quite steep and high, and form a synclinal, one face of which is exposed to the north, the other to the south. The formation and soil of the two faces were exactly the same, so far as I could see, and both were heavily timbered. But on the hillside exposed to the south about forty-five per cent. of the whole timber was of 374 CUMBERLAND-BELL AND HARLAN COUNTIES. the most massive and splendid white oak, often four feet in diameter and ninety feet high. Here there was less than one per cent. of Liriodendron (yellow poplar, so-called). On the northern exposure opposite, on the contrary, about thirty-five per cent. of the timber was massive Liriodendron, many trees of which were six and seven feet in diameter, with trunks sixty to eighty feet high. Here the white oak formed less than one per cent. Of course this is a very striking example, and it could not be said that difference of exposure every- where in these mountains produces such a marked effect upon the white oak. But altogether, my observations convinced me beyond a doubt that the white oak is not so hardy a tree as it is often supposed to be. There are not many valuable timbers in Eastern Kentucky which I have not already noticed in a former report on West- ern Kentucky timbers. Of course the black walnut, already noticed, and the black birch, of which there is a considerable quantity scattered through the Black and Brush Mountains, are the most valuable timbers. But, as in Western Ken- tucky, the people seem to attach very little importance to either. The Liriodendron is largely floated out every winter, as I mentioned before, for lumber. The white hickory and black and blue ash rank next in value; and they all abound, in the Black Mountain especially. Owing to the abundance of water-power, the accessibility, in large quantities, of these timbers, and their great demand in carriage-making, I see no reason why the near future should not see many spoke fac- tories, ax-handle and hammer-handle factories, and carriage factories, in this part of Kentucky. Already the eyes of some large carriage factories are turning toward these tim- bers, and they only need to be better known in order to become a good source of revenue to the people. The red maple, which is growing more and more into favor in cabinet work, also abounds in Bell and Harlan counties. The linden (Sihia Americana) is also found in large quantities through these mountains, and is very valuable in cabinet work, panel- ing, etc. The pines, especially the pitch pine (Pinus rigida) 375 I I REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE NORTH and the yellow pine (Pinus mitis), are very abundant in parts of the mountains, particularly Pine Mountain. They are too well known to need especial mention, except to say that not a pine is to be found in those counties of Western Kentucky, on which my former report was made, so far as I could dis- cover. I know of no especial reason for their total absence from that part of Kentucky. Certainly the want of mountains in Western Kentucky is not a sufficient explanation; for pine woods are often low and flat, though I do not know of any in Kentucky that are so. Other timbers found in Eastern Ken- tucky, that do not grow in such parts of Western Kentucky as I have studied, are the magnolias (Magnolia acuminala, M. umbtrella, and M. fraseri), hemlock, Rhododendron (maximum), and American laurel (Kalmia la/ifolia). I shall now proceed to give in detail the most important of the sections made, in the order in which they were made. Between ten miles above Pineville and Browning creek the exposure of the mountain facing the river shows Lirioden- dron, hemlock, beeches, chestnut, red oak (called often water oak by the people), the three magnolias given above, Rhodo- dendron (maximum), American laurel, red and white maple, trident red maple, white oak, pines (mi/is and rigida), the various hickories (mostly shell-bark), dogwood, sourwood, and Stuartia (Sluartia virginica). A section was made up Browning creek to Brush Mountain, and across Brush Mountain to Cumberland Mountain. Up Browning creek, to the last crossing before starting up Brush Mountain, the timbers noted were white oak (which predom- inates), pin oak, pig hickory, chestnut oak, mulberry, red elm, buckeye, papaw, sycamore, shag hickory, white walnut (in considerable quantities), black walnut (small quantity), white ash (very fine and large), grey birch, linden (Tilia A4mericana and T. he/erophy/la alba), white elm, black cherry (only one or two), winged elm, white hickory, the magnolias, hemlock, sweet gum, and black sumach. I should say here that, in making sections through the mountains, I give the timbers, not in the order in which they probably predominate, but in 376 12 CUMBERLAND-BELL AND HARLAN COUNTIES. the order in which they are met with. This is very necessary, especially in going up a steep mountain side, as it marks the height above drainage at which different timbers grow. In starting up Brush Mountain, the timbers remained sub- stantially the same for a barometric height of four hundred and sixty feet. They are the magnolias, chestnut, hemlock (for the first fifty feet only), black gum, white oak, white maple, beech, tulip tree, black hickory, grey birch, black oak, pin oak, red oak, white hickory, sycamore (along Mid-, dle Branch), black walnut (in small quantities), white walnut, holly, black locust, red elm, shag hickory, and red maple (very large). The formation is conglomerate. At a height of four hundred and sixty feet chestnut oak is first seen. There are also black ash, red oak, witch hazel, and scattering pines. Height in Thanks. barometric RobAms. feet. Pines, chestnut, chestnut oak, The absence of all the other timbers here black gum, and rock maple. 720 is due not so much to height as to vicin- ity of a slide, which had precipitated the crest of the mountain down to nearly this height. Pines (P. mits and P. rgida) . . 965 Here we come to a bluff that has fallen from the top of the mountain, and hence the absence of all timber except dwarf pines. This throw lasts for a height of three hundred feet. Black locust, chestmut, chestnut At this height the fall from the mountain oak, black birch, magnolia cu- top is crossed, and we again find the tim- cumber, pin oak, Liridend-vn, bers that normally belong to the moun- sweet pepper, etc.. 1300 tan side. All of these timbers are very heavy. Chestnut oak almost entirely . . 6oo Here we meet with another slide from the mountain top, which normally belongs just below the one at a height of 965 feet. Very evidently that was originally the mountain crest, and fell first. This underlay it, and fell at a later date. Ge- ology shows plainly that both have fallen; but their relative positions originally I argue from the botany alone. 377 13 14 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE NORTH Height in TiMBsRS. barometric REMARKS. feet. Pin oak, black oak, pig hickory, The mountain top here is level and broad, Lipjodeuduon, chestnut, and showing the slide of the rock cliffs that chestnut oak..... .. . 1940 once capped it. So the timber here is not that which geologically belongs to the top of the mountain. An irregular spur of the Black Mountain, almost at right- angles to the last section, gives, on its southern exposure, the following timbers: Height in TimDEKs. barometri ReMAdS. feet. Sweet gum, beech, red maple, The character of the undergrowth here is shag hickory, black hickory, somewhat different. It consists of aza- white oak (very nsassive), hol- leas, mountain oak, red oak, chestnut, ly, Liriodend-n, black locust, dogwood, and some white oak, hickory, magnolia umbrella, black gum, etc. white walnut, grey birch, black oak, and chestnut .base. Lirdedndreon, white oak, shag hick- It will be noticed that sweet gum, the mag- ory, water beech, black oak, red nolias, and holly disappear during the maple, black hickory, white ma-! first hundred feet. ple, chestnut, june-berry . . . loo White oak, water beech, chest- The shag bark hickory here disappears. nut, witch hazel, Liriodendrn, june-berry, black locust, black oak, pig hickory, rock maple, post oak, sourwood, dogwood, etc0... . . . . . . . . . . 0 Mountain chestnut oak, black oak, Here the undergrowth becomes very heavy, white and rock maple, Lirioden- black oak and red oak predominating. dron, white oak, pig hickory,: Mountain chestnut oak makes its first dogwood, etc.. . - - 300 appearance also. Rhododndron maxdimm, moun- A cliff of horizontal sandstone here changes tain chestnut oak (in great the character of the timber almost com- quantities), pine (mis), black pletely. hickory, American laurel, sour- wood, etc .330 378 CUMBERLAND-BELL AND HARLAN COUNTIES. 15 Height in TIMamps. barometri Rcm s. feet. Dwarf chestnut oak, dwarf pine, The sandstone cliff here still continues, dwarf and post oak, rock maple but at a dip of 14'. It evidently be- sourwood, and American laurei 4 longs to the mountain top, but has slid down, for the rocks of Black Mountain are horizontal in their normal position. White oak, chestnut oak, chest1 These timbers evidently belong to a posi- nut, black gum, and pin oak tion geologically belowthepo-tfoot are the old growths..... 560 level. In passing up the Cumberland from White Rock toward Mount Pleasant, the timbers are mostly white oak, beech, chestnut, red oak, Spanish oak, maple, etc., except where a ridge of the mountain juts down to the river, when pin oak, pines, mountain chestnut oak, black oak, etc., are introduced. Shag and white hickories are plenty along the bases of the mountains, pig and black hickories higher up. Hemlock abounds all along the little streams, to a height of fifty bar- ometric feet above drainage. After crossing over into Harlan county, I made a section to the top of Black Mountain, up Gray's branch, and came down a different way, so as to get two sections. The results are here given in detail: Height in Timwas. barometri RELAYS. feet. White oak, black oak, red oak, The walnut timber here is only young black gum, black walnut, ma- growth, confined to open spots. ples, beeches, etc ...... . base. Beech, sugar maple, white maple, The mere list of trees here gives no idea Linodred, red oak, linden, of the splendor of the forest. The Lin. black gum, white oak, white odeins are five to seven feet in diam.- hickory, shaghickory, grey eter, with trunks sixty to eighty feet birch, and blue ash.too long. The white oak timber is also ex. tremely heavy, and the blue ash as fine as any I ever saw. 379 I 6 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF THE NORTH Height in TiMBERs. barometric REMARKS. feet. Grey birch, beech, white maple, No perceptible change in the splendor of Linodendron, blue ash, buckeye the forest. red oak, black gum, spicewood, magnolia umbrella, etc. . 200 Lii jodendrn, chestnut, shag hick- The linden is yet scattering, as it is found ory, red oak, beech, white oak, mostly in this part of Kentucky high up linden, maple, dogwood, etc. 340 on the mountain side. The timbers are all heavy. Lii.ednd-n, chestnut, shag hick. The Liriodendross remains as heavy as ever. ory, red bud, red maple, linden, The shag hickory is also very fine. june-berry, etc...... . 48o Growth same as above, with the The linden first becomes very abundant at addition of ironwood.. . . . .8o this height in ascending the mountain. Limodexdrn, chestnut, white ash, Linden, chestnut, and Liriodend-n are the white hickory, red oak, linden, chief timbers at this height. buckeye, ironwood, dogwood, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . 700 Lirioisdron-, chestnut, white ash, At this height a sixteen-inch vein of coal blue ash, and most of the 700- crosses the hollow. The blue and the feet timbers. . . . 850 white ash are very fine indeed. Black walnut, chestnut, Liiden- The splendor of the forest here can hardly dro, white hickory, linden, be imagined. The belt of walnut before buckeye, etc ..0...... . 1050 mentioned begins to show itself here, while the Liriendron, chestnut, and white hickory are of the finest. Black walnut, buckeye, Liridn At this height crosses the curious belt, 25 drss, white ash, sugar maple, per cent. of whose timber is old forest linden, white hickory, etc. . . 1250 walnut. In size and quality these trees have no superior in this country, so far as I know. Chestnut, red oak, rock maple, The walnut timber gives out below this black locust, pig hickory, etc. 1375 height, and a ledge of rock here gives high mountain timbers. Linden gives out above this height. CUMBERLAND-BELL AND HARLAN COUNTIES. 17 Height in TIMBERS. barometric REmAzES feet. Red oak, buckeye, blue ash, white The ledge of rock above mentioned is hickory, Liriieondrrd , chestnut, crossed before reaching this height. black birch, shag hickory, pin The growth of white hickory so far ak, etc.o.o........ . i6oo above drainage is noticeable.It can