xt7sn00zsr6q https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7sn00zsr6q/data/mets.xml Kentucky. Department of Education. Kentucky Kentucky. Department of Education. 1942-06 bulletins  English Frankford, Ky. : Dept. of Education  This digital resource may be freely searched and displayed in accordance with U. S. copyright laws. Educational Bulletin (Frankfort, Ky.) Education -- Kentucky Educational Bulletin (Frankfort, Ky.), "Economy and Safety in School Transportation", vol. X, no. 4, June 1942 text 
volumes: illustrations 23-28 cm. call numbers 17-ED83 2 and L152 .B35. Educational Bulletin (Frankfort, Ky.), "Economy and Safety in School Transportation", vol. X, no. 4, June 1942 1942 1942-06 2022 true xt7sn00zsr6q section xt7sn00zsr6q  

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[Commonwealth of Kentucky 0

EDUCATIONAL BULLETIN

 

 

 

 

 

 

’le 16

I

A ECONOMY AND. SAFETYE/g

a LA}
”,4;

IN _
I 1 SCHOOL TRANSPORTATION

 

 

l I k ' Published by
I DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

JOHN W. BROOKER
Superintendent of Public Instruction

 

 

 

 

 

ISSUED MONTHLY

Entered as second-class matter March 21, 1933, at the post office at
Frankfort, Kentucky, under the Act of August 24, 1912. 3

June, 1942

Vol. X

o 0 No.4

 

 

    

 

 

FOREWORD

The title of this bulletin indicates its purpose. It contains
information on, and suggestions for, economy and safety in pupil
transportation. Part I suggests a plan of school bus maintenance
which should aid materially in economic operation of school buses.
There is also presented information concerning transportation in the
county school districts which it is believed will. aid superintendents
and boards of education in comparing the programs which they are
using in transporting children with those being used in other districts.
There is presented also, in contrast, information 011 transportation
for the school years 1985-36 and 1940-41.

Part II gives information on the plan of fleet insurance for school
buses in operation in the state, as well as the accident records of the
different school districts for the school year 1940-41. There is pl'E-
sented herein for the first time standards of the State Board of Educa-
tion for school buses which transport fewer than twenty children.

I recommend this publication for the careful consideration of
school administrators, boards of education and all citizens who are
concerned With the ever increasing problem of pupil transportation-
It was prepared by Gordie Young, Assistant Superintendent of Public
Instruction.

J. W. BROOKER
SulmrintcmlcHt Public Instruction

 

 

 
   
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 

II]

IV

11]

  

  

It contains
ety in pupil
maintenance
.chool buses.
ation in the
erintendents
ch they are
ier districts.
insportation

2e for school
cords of the
here is pre-
(1 of Educa-
liildren.

deration of
11s who are
nsportation.
it of Public

an
Instruction

 

l
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l
y

 

II.

III.

IV.

II.
III.

IV.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part I. Economy in School Transportation

 
 

 
 

  
 

   
  
 

 

 

  
 
 

  
   

 

Page
Introduction ................................................... 343
Why School Transportation .......................... 343
Who Benefits by School Transportation ........................................ 344
School Bus Maintenance .................................................. 345
Introduction ......................... 345
Maintenance Methods ........................................................................ 346
The School Bus Shop .......................................................................... 347
Shop Equipment ................. 353
Inspection ............................................................................. 355
Miscellaneous Information 1935—36 and 1940-41 ................................ 357
Current Expenditures for Transportation ................ 357
The School Census Transported .. ........... 357
Equipment Used ............................ . 357
Unit Costs .............................................................................................. 357
Public vs. Private Ownership .................................. 373
Present Trends ...................................................................................... 374
Some Transportation Objectives ............................................................ 376
Part 11. Safety in School Transportation
Insurance .................................................................................................. 378
Law Governing Purchase ..................................................... .
Fleet Plan ............................................................. 378
Forms for Use in Purchasing... ........................... 379
Policy Endorsement .................................... 382
Regulations of State Board of Education ........................................ 384
Standards for Evaluating and Awarding Contracts ........................ 384
Standards for Transporting Twenty or Fewer Children .................... 385
The Pickup Truck .............................................................................. 385
The Panel Truck ........................................................................... 386
School Bus Accidents, 1940-41 ................................................................ 388
In County Districts ........................... 388
In Independent Districts .............. 389
Injured _________________________________________________________ 389
Months in Which Accidents Occurred ............................................ 389
Time of Day ........................................................................................ 390
Weather Conditions 390
Kind of Road ________________________________________________________________________________________ 390
Place on Road ________________________________________________________________________________________ 390
Condition of Road ................................................................................ 391

341

 

  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 

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Part I

ECONOMY IN SCHOOL TRANSPORTATION

I. Introduction

Why School Transportation?

The social and economic changes which have taken place during
the past few years have placed upon the school system an enlarged
educational responsibility. Growing interest in individual differences
of pupils, a new regard for the physical and mental health of children,
and an increased emphasis on guidance and vocational efficiency has
resulted in an expansion and enrichment of the school curriculum and
an increase in the enrollment and thereby made necessary structural
changes in the organization of our educational program. These
changes represent an attempt on the part of our school executives to
meet the cleinands which school patrons have made upon the schools.
It is these changes which define the major problems of education today.

An educational program for rural territory which will meet these
demands can best be achieved by enlargement of school units. Pupils
can be gotten to these units most economically by means of publicly
Supported transportation. School buses are now bringing pupils of
many rural communities within reach of especially trained teachers
and ample school equipment which provide for them the training
they need and want.

Transportation of school children in Kentucky has now become
an essential service. It is generally agreed that children should not
be denied the training they need for life because they live beyond
walking distance from a school which can give them the training
which they need. Modern school buses provide a safe and economical
means of getting children to such schools. Because it is a means of
equéilizing educational opportunity, there is more and more demand
fOI‘ state support of school transportation. The constantly increasing
demand for school transportation shows public approval not only of
this. method of getting to school but the kind of educational oppor—
tunities made possible by the consolidated school. This demand is

‘ based upon the idea that it can be done more economically and more

safely at public than at private expense and upon the belief that any
Scl1001 activity should be furnished at public expense if that activity
can be done at less expense than it can be done by private expense.

343

 

 

    
 
 
   
  
  
  
  
   
 
 
 
  
    
    
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  

 

Who Benefits by School Transportation?

Children. The larger schools provided by means of transporta-
tion are better equipped, have more classes, cover more subject matter,
have better libraries, give more attention to health and needs of
growing children, have more student activities and better prepared
teachers than can be had by the small units. The school spirit of the
larger school furnishes a better opportunity to build character.

Teachers. Teaching conditions are almost always better and
salaries higher in the larger school units. The buildings, laboratories
and libraries furnish better teaching situations. The professonal
association and living conditions for teachers are almost always better
in the larger units.

Taxpayers. In larger school units there can be had a much
better educational program at the same or at less cost. In Smaller
schools the classes are small and the per pupil cost mounts rapily
when modern facilities are provided. In larger units fairer equaliza-
tion can be had because of greater equality in valuations from district
to district and from unit to unit in the same district. The great
variance in wealth from district to district is well known in this state.
Tax income from larger territories helps to iron out inequalities.

The present indication is that the school program of the future
must not only provide for a larger number of pupils but also for a
diversity of children of differing capacities and needs. The cost of
this varied program for the future will be too great to be borne unless
the load is carried by the cooperative efforts of all the people who
receive benefits of such an educational program.

The whole community. The consolidated school center
furnishes the best and cheapest way for a community to provide itself
with a place to meet for educational, recreational, and civic attairs, as
well as for a library not only for the school to use but for the com
munity as a whole. Under such conditions the people come together
oftener for entertainment and for adult betterment and education
than do the people of smaller districts.

These statements are justified by the survey made in Kentuek.V in
1936 and entitled A STUDY OF LOCAL SCHOOL UNITS IN KEN
TUCKY. This study shows that the trend is toward larger admirin-
trative units and a constant decrease in the smaller schools. ThlS
indicates that the amount of transportation of pupils for the futul‘e
will constantly increase.

 

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II. School Bus Maintenance1
Introduction

Safe and economical. school bus operation depends largely upon
the amount of thorough and frequent mechanical attention given to
the school vehicles in service. It. is assumed that a safe vehicle is one
which has been carefully maintained by ett'icient mechanics. School
buses kept in a good state of repair result in economy in so far as
long-time maintenance programs are concerned. Every contractor
should be required to meet rigid standards of maintenance prescribed
by the board of education. School buses should be inspected period-
ically at such times as the board may designate. \Vhen the equipment
is publicly owned the board must assmne full responsibility for its
care, storage and service. A good maintenance program should insure
economy as well as safety.

A desirable maintenance and repair program must provide for
maintenance and repair of both the chassis and body. The chassis
may be serviced and repaired in a shop equipped to service heavy
trucks. The body requires additional equipment and workmen of
special skills. Since the body has few moving parts it does not require
attention at such frequent intervals as does the chassis. Some boards
of education have employed skilled workmen competent to do a first
class job in servicing both chassis and body and at a much lower cost
than can be secured in commercial ga rages and body repair shops.

During the school. vacation bodies may be painted, seats up-
holstered and other needed repairs made. It is recommended that
board operated repair shops equipped to service chassis and bodies
be provided in every district where there are twelve or more standard
31% buses operated. These shops may be provided for a smaller-
number of buses where it is practical and economical to do so. In
districts Where it is necessary to have buses serviced by commercial
garages the same high standard of service should be required as that
maintained in board owned garages.

The advantages of board owned repair shops are

1- Responsibility can be definitely placed for safe mechanical con-
dition of buses;

2- Repairs can be provided when needed;

3. Makes possible frequent inspection of buses; and

4. Profits are not considered in maintenance and repair.
\

1
C Adopted from School Transportation Committee Report, Southern States Work
onfeience.

345

 

   
   
  
 
   
    
 
 
  
  
   
  
   
  
 
  
   
  
  
  
 
   
  
  
  
  
  
   
    
    
 

 

 

A major consideration in the economical operation of school buses
is the purchase of supplies for bus use such as gasoline, tires, batteries
oil, grease, etc. This should be done in an efficient, accurate and
businesslike way. Such rules and regulations should be made and
enforced as will prevent dishonesty in this service. No board of

education can hope to have. a safe and economical program of mainte-

nance for buses unless it is able to handle these matters properly.
One of the most important problems which faces us in school trans-
portation today is an efficient and economical program of maintenance
and repair of buses. Unless this phase of the program is successfully
handled, pupil transportation will be costly. Inefficient and unsafe
handling cause public criticism which, in most cases, is deserved.

Maintenance Methods

Private garages. The service of private garages should be
sought: ~

1. For special work which requires equipment too expensive to pro-
vide a reasonable return on the investment for tools with which
to do such work.

2. For major repairs when the school board owns fifteen vehicles
or fewer. (An exception to this principle should be made if the
school transportation organization is such as to provide or permit
a concentration of vehicles at one place. In such an event a
driver or part-time mechanic may be employed for the work.)

3. For all major and minor repairs when the board of education
owns fifteen vehicles or fewer and when the school transporta-

tion organization is such as to prevent economical assembly of
these vehicles for repairs.

Contracts for labor. Boards of education may find it econom-

‘ ical to contract with one or more private concerns to furnish labor

for repairs. When this is done, the board should retain superVISlOn
over the replacements and purchase of parts.

Board operated central shop. One central Shop in which
repairs can be economically made should be maintained for large
school units. Such a shop may be operated for school units conduct—
ing pupil transportation on a relatively small scale if all buses have
their route terminals within a short distance from this central shoP'

The importance of a stock of accessories and parts at the central
garage must not be overlooked. The amount and kind of “stOCkH
will depend upon (1) availability of certain parts, (2) frequency 0f
use, (3) saving through quantity purchases. N0 elaborate inventory
record is suggested; however, it will be wise to keep a card record Of
unit‘costs so that proper charges may be made.

346

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Board operated subcenters. In addition to the central shop
it is suggested that subcenters for repairs may be maintained for
administrative units having more than one large center to which many
pupils are transported. For the school units that have a concentra-
tion of vehicles at one or more points not convenient of access to the
central shop, a subcenter or subcenters will aid materially in providing
needed repairs at an economical cost. Each subcenter should have a
building preferably enclosed, large enough to shelter the largest bus

p unit. A concrete floor would materially aid workmen during rainy

weather. Other equipment needed is a good workbench, vise, and set'
of tools for making minor repairs. If the building is enclosed, small
accessories and parts that are frequently needed may be stored there,
especially when daily contact with the store of supplies at the central
shop cannot be made conveniently. A list of these items may
include bolts, nuts, ignition points, condensers, battery cable, spark
plugs and other items of common use.

The combination driver-mechanic who has a short route and
works as a mechanic on minor repairs during school hours has proved
an acceptable substitute for the full-time mechanic in a number of

locations. This type of employee fits well into the subcenter
program.

The School Bus Shop

'Site. The location of the site should be selected in terms of
Satisfactory accessibility, drainage, water supply, supply of electricity,
and adequate space. Satisfactory accessibility is defined as that area

. Which will be closest to as many terminal school bus lines as possible;

Which will eliminate a maximum amount of traffic congestion; and,
Which will be in close proximity to the general administrative offices
0f the unit served.

The location of the site should be planned with relation to the
5 0P in Such a way as to have available parking space to the front of
the shop building for all. buses within the fleet. This will facilitate
any Movement in and out of the shop, as needed, for periodic service,
The site should be located on well-drained land of a texture which

: Wlll absorb water and reduce Sloppy conditions to a minimum.

Certain services are essential for a school bus shop site location.
_ e Water supply should be ample, economical, and free from
111lurious chemicals. ’ ‘
An adequate supply of electricity should be available at a mini-
m cost for installation and consumption.

The school bus site should be enclosed by a wire fence so erected
as to discourage theft. '

11111

347

   

 

 

Size. The school bus shop should be erected 011 a site sufficiently
large to insure adequate parking area for all. the school buses and to
provide sufficient space for such services as may be considered suitable
by the local school administrative unit. The optimum size to meet
these conditions for a fleet ot.‘ t‘orty school buses should be approxi-
mately one acre. A site of this size, to produce the best results, should
be either square or rectangular. It' rectangular, the short axis should
be wide enough to insure maximum use.

Location. It is suggested that the shop be placed on the out-
skirts of centrally located areas in order that city traffic may be
avoided and that adequate space requirements may be met.

The school bus shop should be so oriented on the site as to secure
a maximum amount of natural lighting, preferably from the east,
west, northeast, or northwest.

Types of rooms needed. In setting up general standards for
the school bus shop, it is necessary to propose an optimum size and
arrangement. In doing this, the recommendations suggested are
proposed for an optimum shop to maintain a fleet of forty school buses.

In maintaining this number of school buses, it is necessary to
have a small office room, a paint shop room, a hoist room, a general
repair shop room, tool and parts room, and available space for toilet
and locker facilities. In addition to these roomsy a heating plant will
be necessary.

Arrangement of rooms. In order that efficiency might accrue
in the operation of the school bus shop, it is reconnnended that the
rooms be arranged to decrease walking distance and bring all services
into a compact economical unit. To secure this efficiency of operatiolly
it is recommended that the shop facilities be placed around and 111
close proximity to the repair shop room unit.

Dimensions. Naturally, the dimensions of a school bus 5119])
will vary with the size of the fleet to be serviced and with the avail-
ability of building funds. The floor plan of the school bus shop 1‘60011"
mended here is approximately forty-six feet wide and ninety-four feet
long. It is the opinion of school bus fleet operators that this Size ]S
desirable for a fleet of forty buses. Any school bus shop should allow
for a maximum amount of flexibility. In other words, the shop plan
recommended herein can be easily altered to allow for 0118, two. or
three units in the repair shop room. The general scheme of the build-
ing will not be upset if. the hoist shed room or the paint shop room
were of necessity eliminated temporarily. In other words, the Only
fixed dimension in the building as planned would be the width 0f
forty-six feet which should not be lessened.

348

 

    
  
 
  
 
 
 
   
 
  
 
 
  
  
  
    
  
 
   
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
   
  
 

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ite sufficiently
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dered suitable
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(1 be approxi-
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.rt axis should

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te as to secure
‘rom the east,

standards for
mum size and
suggested are
y school buses.
s necessary to
mm, a general
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sing plant will

might accrue
:nded that the
ng all services
I of operation,
tround and in

11001 bus shop
.vith the avail-
us shop recom-
inety-four feet
rat this size is
9 should allow
the shop plan
tr one, two or
e of the build-
int shop room
ords, the only
the width of

 

 

Construction materials.
structed, insofar as practicable, of tire—resistant material.
the heating plant room should be as nearly tire-proof as possible to

The school bus shop should be con-
Certainly,

eliminate any fire hazard. Every care should be taken to provide
sufficient natural and artificial lighting. and to amply and properly
distribute air, water power, and electricity throughout the entire shop
to save time of mechanics and increase the efficiency of their services.

All floors throughout the shop should be concrete with necessary
drains. The partition walls should be so constructed as to allow
economical alteration. Certain rooms, such as the office, tool and
parts room, and toilet and locker room, may have an overhead ceiling
if funds are available. The window sash should be of acceptable steel
design which will minimize upkeep and facilitate good ventilation.

The large twelve foot door should be of a well—constructed drop
type. However, if funds are not available for this type door, the out-
ward swinging split-type door would be acceptable. It is suggested
that the two long trusses supporting the roof over the repair shop
room he of steel or carefully designed built—up wood. The other
trusses over partition walls may be well-designed rafter trusses.

The hoist room might be placed outside the building and in some
instances unshedded. However, it is reeonnnended for accessibility

and all-weather use that the hoist room he placed adjoining the paint
shop room and shedded.

Every effort should he made to place in strategic location enough
breeze windows to secure adequate cross ventilation.

A durable roof material, easily maintained, which will serve as
insulation against summer heat should be specified.

BILL OF MATERIALS

27 cu. yds. concrete footing 24” wide.

95 cu. yds. concrete floor and approaches.
2500 cu. ft. stone masonery walls.
4600 sq. ft. 1” sheathing for roof.

46 squares tar paper roof.

46 squares composition shingles.

25 double hung windows—12 1ts. 14”x30” complete with frame,

hdw., etc.
2 double hung Windows—6 lts. 14"x30" complete with frame,
hdw., etc.
2 double hung windows—12 lts. 12”x20”.
1 plate glass 20’ x 5’ paint room—complete with frame, hdw., etc.
3 inside doors 2'—6” x 6’ x 8” complete with frame, hdw., etc.
1 msrde door 2’—0" x 6’——8" complete with frame, hdw., etc.
1 outside door 2’—6” x 6’—8” complete with frame, hdw., etc.
5 Sng out or overhead doors complete with frame, hwd., etc.
2% pcs. 2 x 6 x 14 ceiling joists.

pcs. 2 x 6 x 20 ceiling joists.

349

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5
30
160
52
156
52
150

n—u—ar—n—awmm

1000

5
1000
20
165

4 x 4 posts—hoist shed.

pcs. 2 x 6 x 20 rafters—hoist shed.

lin. ft. approved type combination cornice and gutter design.
pcs. 2 x 8 x 14 stringers for roof.

pcs. 2 x 8 x 16 stringers for roof.

pcs. 2 x 8 x 20 stringers for roof.

lin. ft. 2 x 8 sills.

built up wooden trusses for support of roof over inside wall.
built up wood or steel trusses to span garage.

floor drain traps, complete with pipe to nearest sewer.
commode, complete with vent and pipe to nearest sewer.
wash basin—complete.

urinal—complete.

shower—complete.

brick for chimney.

ft. 8 x 12 flue tile.

funace.

unit heaters—fan type—for heating bldg.

1/2 H. P. ventilator fan for paint room.

3 H. P. air compressor.

ft. 1A” pipe for air.

ft. 1” water pipe.

hoist rail 84’ long—complete with chain and pulleys.

LIGHTS AND POWER

4” Octagon outlet boxes. 100 1/2” bushings.

bar hangers. 18 3A1” locknuts.

toggle switches. 10 1/2” bushings.

switch boxes. 15 1A2” conduit ells.

switch plates. 3 3A1" conduit ells.

double convenience outlets. 1 1” conduit ells.

double convenience covers. 23 14” dome reflectors

double convenience outlet (150 watt) .
boxes. 1500 ft. No. 14 R C D B wire.

goose neck brackets— 1500 ft. No. 12 R C D B Wire.
complete. 1 1” W. P. service entrance——

4” outlet boxes. 3 wire.

covers. 1 multi~breaker service and

receptacles. load center. ,

ft.—1/2” conduit. 70 ampere with 8 branch Cir-

ft.—1" conduit. cuits 115/230 volts.

ft. 3/1” conduit.

150 1/z" locknuts.
PLANS OF A SCHOOL BUS SHOP State Dept. of Education, Frankfort. K3"
Drafi'vn at Mayo State Vocational School, Paintsvflle. Ky.

Date 4-20—42 Sheet 3 of 3

Plans and specifications. Plans and specifications as shown
herein may be secured from the Department of Education at Frank-
fort. Regardless of the type of construction used, carefully prepared
plans and specifications are essential for a shop that can be used
efficiently and satisfactorily. It is recommended that this shop be
built in connection with the construction of the Shop for vocational
agricultural education if one has not already been built and equipped

for that

purpose.

350

 

 

 

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Contracto will carefully cheek Bill
of materials and. alter same (if necessary
to meet the needs of the plans specificatl
one. All framing shall be sound, straight
and square-edged. Finish flooring and.
ceiling to be No. 1 Common or Batter.
All Millwork to be "B" or Better. No
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Shop Equipment

Service truck. The number of service trucks used by any
school unit will depend largely on the type of service conducted; that
is, how tires are aired, whether gasoline must be conveyed from a
central tank to school center, and the number and kind of other
maintenance procedure undertaken as part of the road service. For
mechanical service, one service truck should be sufficient to serve forty
bus units on the road. A service truck should be as light as the type
of work will permit. It should be equipped with bins for carrying
small parts for road service. A power winch mounted on a one and
one-half ton truck is recommended for emergency service such as lift-
ing buses that may be stuck by other vehicles.

Service, gasoline and oil. Common methods of providing gas
and oil for board-owned buses are

1. The board of education purchases gasoline in tank car lots and
distributes it to larger schools equipped with underground
storage tanks, under direct supervision of the school principal
and under general supervision of the Supervisor of Transporta-
tion. At small schools where one and two buses are used, a small
skid tank may be installed either at the school or at the driver’s
home. Arrangements may be sometimes made on bid price with
private local dealers to provide gas.

2. The board of education contracts, where possible, with wholesale
distributors to provide gasoline and oil at school centers in tanks
either owned by the board of education or owned by the con—
tracting company.

3. The board of education may contract with private companies to
supply the buses with gasoline and oil in a tank truck owned
and operated by the board.

4. Other methods of providing gasoline and oil include:

a. Contracting with the local filling station operator; and
b. Issuing gasoline receipt books which authorize the driver to
procure gasoline from any filling station. The board of edu-

cation should audit and pay for all such gasoline and oil each
month.

. It is recommended that the board purchase the gasoline and oil
111 tank car lots when approximately forty-five buses or more are
Operated and contract with wholesale distributors when fewer than
fOI‘tY-fiVe buses are operated.

Gasoline commonly known as regular grade or the next grade
below ethyl gasoline is reconnnended. Oil should be of good quality
and for ease of handling and service should be purchased in quart
03118 01' the equivalent. This will facilitate record—keeping and insure
clean oil of the grade purchased. Oil filters of a removable and

353