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ANNUAL REPORT

REGENT OF KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY

PRESENTED. TO THE

BOARD OF CURA’I‘ORS, JUNE 23, 1868.

LOUISVILLE, KY:
PRINTED BY JOHN P. MORTON AND COMPANY, 156 WEST MAIN STREET.
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J. B. Bowman,
REGENT,

ANNUAL REPORT

REGENT OF KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY.

Curators of Kentucky University:

In accordance with the prescribed duties of the ofﬁce of
Regent, I hereby submit another Annual Report, the eleventh
which I have had the honor to present since the initial organ-
ization of the University.

On reviewing the operations of the past year from the stand-
point which I occupy, overlooking the entire interests and
relationships of the various Departments, considering the
labors which have pressed so heavily upon all who have been
.faithfully engaged in the discharge of the Executive, Educa-
tional, and Financial duties of the Institution, and beholding
the results of these labors as affecting for time and eternity
the destinies of the hundreds of young men who have been
gathered here from all parts of the country to receive the
blessings accorded by our University, I am more than ever
profoundly impressed with the magnitude of the work in which
we are engaged, and with a sense of the responsibilities which
rest upon us, in coming together to consider these vast and
varied interests. Above all, I solemnly feel the sense of grati-
tude which we owe our kind Heavenly Father for the manifold
blessings which He has so peculiarly, and so constantly, be-
stowed upon us since the foundation of the Institution.

The year, just closing, has been one of unprecedented pros-
perity. The growth and expansion of the Institution into the
well-deﬁned proportions of a University, have been healthy and

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

vigorous, and its establishment in the public conﬁdence and
favor has been well secured. Its claims for a high order of
scholarship and a thorough course of instruction, embracing a
broad and liberal curriculum adapted to the demands of our
growing country and advancing civilization, have been recog-
nized by leading Educators throughout the country, and by
sister Institutions which have extended their courtesies and
congratulations in many cordial and encouraging ways.

Much work was left by the Board, at its last Annual Meeting,
upon the hands of the Executive Committee and myself, pre-
paratory to the opening of the present Session. Accordingly,
additional ofﬁcers and instructors were appointed, and many
details of organization perfected. A large edition of the
Annual Catalogue, containing the history, plan of organiza-
tion, official reports, with an account of the general advantages
of the Institution, was duly issued. It was receiVed with much
favor by the press and the public.

The liberal provisions of the University in the way of general
or professional education, its full and efﬁcient corps of ofﬁcers
and instructors, its cheap board and tuition, its industrial and
economic advantages, its beautiful Estate with its hallowed
associations, its liberal endowment, its central, healthy location,
in the midst of a people so generous, so hospitable, and so
cultivated,—all these attracted a large number of young men
from all parts of the Continent, until the University is now
the fourth or ﬁfth Institution in the United States in point of
patronage, with perhaps a larger number of States represented
in it than any other, and with about as many students as all
the other regularly organized Colleges in the State combined.
Six hundred and ﬁfty students have been enrolled during
the year, from the States of Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri,
Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Alabama, Georgia,
North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, New
York, Massachusetts, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska,
Kansas, California, and from Prince Edward’s Island.

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REGENT OF KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY. 3

The large increase in our patronage demanded some addi-
tional instructors, who were appointed by the Executive Com-
mittee on the best terms that the state of the Treasury would
admit. Additional buildings were found necessary, especially
for the ofﬁcers and students of the Agricultural and Mechanical
College, who were required to be located, as far as practicable,
upon the Estate. Since your last meeting, I have had four ‘
plain and substantial buildings erected, adequate for the press-
ing emergency upon us. They were duly located with refer-
ence to our ultimate plan of making the Estate the site of the
whole University. The cost of their erection was defrayed
from a balance in favor of the Agricultural College fund, and
from proceeds of the Farm. With these provisional arrange-
ments, the University opened on the ﬁrst Monday in October
with six distinct Departments, viz.: The College of Arts, the
Agricultural and Mechanical College, the College of the Bible,
the College of Law, the Commercial College, and the Academy.
These Departments, with their several corps of officers and
instructors, with their respective régimes of instruction and
discipline, have co-operated harmoniously and efﬁciently for
the one great end; and, though somewhat complex in their
associated relationships, and located at inconvenient distances,
the unity and strength of the whole University have been well
maintained.

I now beg leave to submit, in regular order, as full an
abstract of the Reports of the Presiding Ofﬁcers of the several
Colleges as the limits of this Report will admit, concluding
with a general survey of the wants of the whole University,
and of the work before us yet to be done.

THE COLLEGE OF ARTS.

The Report of the Presiding Ofﬁcer of this College, includ-
ing those of the Professors of the various Schools, gives a
very full and satisfactory exhibit of its condition.- It shows

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4- ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

a large increase in the number of its matriculates, which
reached 163 during the Session. The conduct and proﬁciency
of the students are highly commended. Their health has been
good, with a single exception, that of HENRY C. GARDENER, of
Southern Kentucky, an excellent young man and most faithful
student, who fell, in the midst of his young manhood, a victim,
perhaps, to his too earnest devotion to study. The Report
shows, also, a very large amount of laborious work which has
been performed by the Professors, and especially by the
Presiding Ofﬁcer himself, who, in addition to his executive
duties, has charge of the largest, heaviest, and, in my judg-
ment, most important School in the College, that of “The
English Language and Literature.” In this School 183 stu-
dents were taught, including some from other Colleges, who
were enrolled in ﬁve classes, making, during most of the
Session, daily recitations under the instruction of the Pre-
siding Ofﬁcer. In addition to this, he has performed a large

and tedious work in examining and correcting Compositions, .

Crations, and Discussions, which is an important part of the
duties of this School. From this oppressive work, President
GRAHAM asks for some relief at our hands, and he should most
certainly have it. The duties which he has been discharging
so faithfully are too onerous for the good of the Institution,
or himself. As a remedy for the difﬁculty, he suggests that
Logic be detached from the School of English Literature and
connected with the School of Mental and Moral Philosophy
and Christian Ethics, that he be assigned to this Chair, and
that a competent Professor be appointed to ﬁll the Chair of
English Literature in his stead. This suggestion is worthy
of consideration by the Board in ﬁlling the vacancies, and in

- re-adjusting various classes, during the present meeting.

In the School of Mathematics, the same laborious, rigid, and

. thorough instruction has been given by Professor WHITE which

has ever characterized his Department during his long connec-
tion with it. He has taught, during the Session, without inter—

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REGENT OF KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY. 5

ruption, his four regular classes, besides having the supervision
of two preparatory classes which have been successfully taught
by Tutor A. C. HOPKINS. In addition to this, since the Inter-
mediate Examination, and at the earnest solicitation of the
Executive Committee, he assumed charge of the two advanced
classes at the Agricultural and Mechanical College, which
he has conducted with great success and to the unqualiﬁed
satisfaction of the students. This, together with his duties
as Librarian, is more than should be asked of any one as a
permanent work. I would, however, most earnestly recom-
mend that, if at all practicable, the entire Department of
Mathematics in the two Colleges of the University be assigned
to Professor WHITE, as originally contemplated. He could
readily take charge of the advanced classes in each College,
and, with competent Adjuncts to instruct the lower classes,
exercise a healthful supervision over the whole Department.
This would secure unity and efﬁciency in this School, which
are so desirable.

The Department of Ancient Languages has never been
formally divided into two Schools, agreeably to the original
plan of organization, but has been practically so, under a pro-
visional arrangement of the Board with Professor PATTERSON.
This Department has been under the instruction of Professors
NEVILLE and PATTERSON, assisted, each of them, by Professor
A. R. MILLIGAN as Adjunct. Professor NEVILLE has had
charge of four classes in Greek and a class in German. He
reports a very satisfactory advancement in these classes, and a
high grade of average scholarship. Professor PATTERSON has
taught the two advanced classes in Latin, and reports very
favorably concerning them. Four young gentlemen have
completed the course satisfactorily. Professor MILLIGAN has
instructed two preparatory classes in Latin, one in Greek,
and, since the last of November, the Freshman class in Latin.
He reports that the Conduct, Industry, and Punctuality of
these classes have been creditable. I would respectfully

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6 ANNUAL REPORT on THE

recommend to' the Board that the School of Ancient Lan-
guages be divided into two distinct Schools, one of Latin, the
other of Greek, and that the entire services of a competent
Professor be secured for each Chair.

"The School of Sacred History in this College has been under
the charge of Professor M’GARVEY, who has taught two classes
during the Session with a marked degree of success. He
recommends that greater encouragement be given young men
to enter this School, which could be done by employing an
additional Instructor, who could give more time to this Depart-
ment. He also recommends that students should be required
to enter this School at a more uniform degree of advancement
in their other studies. These are important suggestions, and
the latter is a crying evil in other Departments, which ought
to be promptly remedied by proper legislation.

Professor PETER reports that the classes in Experimental
Chemistry and Physics, and in Natural Philosophy have had
an average attendance, and have made satisfactory progress
in study. He states that efficient service has been rendered,
by Dr. SWEENEY in the Laboratory, by the preparation for
Experiments and in his personal supervision of the class in
Practical Chemistry. The recent progress in those branches
of science which require illustration, demands some additional
apparatus, which should be provided as soon as the funds of
the Institution will justify it. Professor PETER has labored
under great disadvantage in the instruction of his classes in
this College and in the Agricultural and Mechanical College,
on account of their distance apart. He is compelled to make
preparation for illustrative experiments in his Laboratory
in the city. Moreover, the transportation of delicate and
valuable apparatus from one College to another is a serious
difﬁculty. This shows the importance of concentrating the
various Departments of the University upon the permanent
Grounds, and the erection of suitable Buildings as early as
may be practicable. There is an imperative demand for a

REGENT OF KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY.

‘4

proper building as a working Laboratory, especially in con-
nection with the Agricultural and Mechanical College.

The Department of Natural History is one of the most
important in the whole University, and its popularity is mate-
rially increasing. This School has been under the charge of
Professor WINOHELL, who assumed the entire responsibility
of it, with the understanding that he be allowed to alternate
with the University of Michigan, with a competent Adjunct
assisting him in each Institution. Under this arrangement,
his Adjunct, Professor DOLBEAR, gave satisfactory instruction
in this Department during the ﬁrst Term of the Session, and
Professor WINCHELL, himself, has given his undivided per-
sonal attention to the School during the present Term. His
instruction has been given at the Woodlands under many
disadvantageous circumstances. Owing to the distance, and
other material causes mentioned in his Report, the attendance
of the Students of the College of Arts has been irregular,
and their progress in study not so satisfactory as could be
desired.

After the vacation of the Chair of Mental and IMoral
Philosophy by Professor WILLIAMS, the students in this School
were instructed by Professors PIOKETT and PATTERSON with
entire satisfaction.

Such is an abstract of the Report of this College, which
exhibits a very thorough and efficient organization and man-
agement of all its Departments.

The Faculty recommends that the Degree of Bachelor of
Arts be conferred on JOSHUA CLAYTON KEITH, of Sturgeon,
Missouri, and on CHARLES RODGERS WILLIAMS and WALTER
SCOTT, both of Lexington, Kentucky, who have completed, in
a satisfactory manner, the prescribed course of study. I take
pleasure in uniting in the recommendation.

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8 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

THE AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE.

The Report of Professor J. D. PICKETT, who was appointed
Acting Presiding Oﬂicer of this College after the resignation
of President WILLIAMS, is herewith submitted, with the accom-
panying Reports of the various Professors.

Professor PICKETT entered formally upon the duties of
Presiding Ofﬁcer on the 8d day of February last, and I take
pleasure in bearing testimony to the zeal, energy, and ﬁdelity
with which he has discharged them since that time. Besides
the duties of this oﬁice, which have been peculiarly onerous,
he has conducted faithfully the classes of his own School of
English Literature, which, as in the College of Arts, is one of
the heaviest and most important in the Institution. In addition
to this, he has instructed the classes in Moral Philosophy and
Sacred History during the present Term, thus devoting from
four to ﬁve hours of daily labor to his classes. By his untiring
eiforts, together with the earnest, laborious co-operation of all
the other Ofﬁcers and Instructors connected with the College,
a morale has been given to it which it had not enjoyed since
its organization.

During this Session, 220 Students have been matriculated
in this College, which is a considerable increase upon last year,
and is, by far, the largest number which has ever attended any
Agricultural College in the United States in a single session.
About 70 Legislative Districts have been represented by State
students ; in addition to which we have had representatives
from Georgia, New York, Illinois, Tennessee, Virginia, Ar-
kansas, Missouri, North Carolina, Mississippi, Louisiana, and
Texas.

The Reports of the Presiding Cﬁicer and the various Pro-
fessors present very satisfactory statements of the operations
of their respective Departments during the year. The neces-
sary limit of this Report will not permit me to give a minute
abstract of the various Schools, including the organization and

REGENT OF KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY. 9

instruction of the various classes. Suﬂice it to say, that the
conduct and scholarship of the Students are highly commended.
There has been, in both respects, a decided improvement upon
the ﬁrst Session. The health of the Students is reported to
have been remarkable, which is attributable to the healthiness
of the location, to the sanitary regulations, and to the physical
exercise consequent upon the labor system. The discipline of
the Institution has been admirably maintained under all the
inconveniences of inadequate buildings for boarding and in-
struction. This may be attributed in a great degree to the
inﬂuence of the Military régime which is intimately interwoven
with the Domestic, Academic, and Industrial Departments.

The suggestions of the Presiding Ofﬁcer in reference to the
Steward’s Department are important, and should receive due
consideration from the Board, or the Executive Committee.
I would recommend either a more thorough organization of
this Department or its entire abandonment, and the adoption
of the Club System and private Boarding-houses, of which I
will speak hereafter.

I now propose from my own stand-point to take a more
general view of the condition and practical workings of this
College. Its relation to the National System of Industrial
Education which is in process of inauguration throughout the
States, and its connection with the system of general education
in our own State, render it necessary that a report of its
operations should be somewhat full and elaborate. The con-
tinuous demand for information in regard to the character of
the College, its plan of operations, etc., will require, for several
years, a full exhibit of the matter. The obligations which I
assumed, on my own responsibility, in accepting it at the hands
of the State as a part of the great educational work of Ken-
tucky University, render it natural that I should dwell with
peculiar interest upon it in its struggling infancy.

The two years of its existence, which it has just completed,
have been years of severe trial, and in many details largely

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10 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

experimental. The results of these experiments have been
proﬁtable and instructive, and the success of the Institution,
with all its novel and complicated features, has been, under
all the circumstances, remarkable. The association of the
National Industrial Schools with Institutions already estal —
lished was regarded by many leading Educators throughout the
country as of doubtful policy. The Kentucky College, being
the ﬁrst which was established upon that basis, was looked
upon with especial interest. The results so far show that the
arrangement was wise and economical, and truly advantageous
to all parties. The State of Kentucky receives the use and
beneﬁt of the Endowments, Real Estate, Libraries, Apparatus,
Museums, etc., of the University, worth in the aggregate a half
million dollars, and the free instruction of three hundred young
men, for the small sum of $10,000, paid annually to the Uni-
versity; while the latter receives some prestige and inﬂuence,
and saves the duplication of four or ﬁve Professorships. The
Agricultural and Mechanical College, by its peculiar organiza—
tion, is really what it should be—the Scientzﬁc Department of
the University. In its associated relationships with the other
Colleges, the beneﬁts are mutual and manifold, and, though
situated at present at inconvenient distances from each other,
many have enjoyed these advantages. Students of the Agri-
cultural and Mechanical College desiring to pursue the Classical
Course pass without much difﬁculty over to the College of Arts,
while those of the latter who do not wish to pursue the Clas-
sical Course can receive in the former a more extended Course
in the Sciences, the Higher Mathematics, Modern Languages,
etc. When these several Colleges become permanently located
on the one Estate, these advantages will become more apparent.
I am happy to state that the intercommunication of the Pro-
fessors and Students of these respective Colleges has been
uniformly pleasant and harmonious.

REGENT OF KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY. 11

THE SESSIONS.

The adaptation of the Sessions to the demands of the Labor
System and the convenience of the Professors and Students in
reference to the Vacation, were questions of serious consider-
ation at your last Meeting. The difﬁculty has been practically
solved by the experience of the past year. We ﬁnd that the
opening of the Session in this College simultaneously with the
others, does not leave a hiatus in the Labor System in the
Summer months, as had been anticipated, for there will always
be enough young men, who desire to remain on the Estate
during the Vacation, to meet all the demands for labor. Many
of them, who do not wish to lose time and incur the expense of
Visiting home, prefer remaining on our beautiful Estate, where
they ﬁnd a delightful summer retreat. They are generally
young men of ﬁxed purpose and true heroism, who do not wish
to throw away their time in the usual recreations of student-
life. In labor they ﬁnd all the relief from study which they
desire. They are permitted to organize themselves into a
select Summer-school, under the tutelage of some of the
Instructors in the College, and thus prosecute their studies one
half of the day, while they labor on the Estate. the other half.
They are divided into two sections, in order to secure contin-
uous labor in the Field, or in the Work-shops. By this method,
many young men accumulate sufﬁcient means, under the cheap
system of boarding, to defray a large portion of their expenses
during the succeeding Session.

THE ADMISSION OF STUDENTS.

The conditions of admission into the College have been
clearly set forth in the Annual Catalogues and in Circular
Letters, which I have sent to every county in the State, as well
as by extensive general correspondence throughout the country.
These conditions require that all applicants must be at least
sixteen years of age, of good moral character, and studious

12 ANNUAL REPORT on THE

habits, and must, upon examination, show a fair acquaintance
with Grammar, Geography, Outlines of History, Arithmetic,
and the Elements of Algebra. A large number of applicants,
however, do not come up to this standard for various reasons.
Owing to the want of a thoroughly organized system of Com—
mon Schools'and High Schools in this and in other States of
the South and West, and t0 the general suspension of most of
the Schools during the war, it has been impossible for a large
number of young men, many of them well advanced in years,
to receive the elementary education necessary to come up to
this standard of admission. Many came as State students

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from certain counties where the blessings of education have
been very limited, and where, perhaps, there was not a good
High School to prepare them. Many have come from the South,
some even walking hundreds of miles, whose parents before the

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war were in afﬂuent circumstances, but who are now unable to
educate them. These have no money and but little education,
and desire to avail themselves of the Labor System in order to
defray their expenses. Nor have such instances been conﬁned
to this College, but alike exist in all. What should we do.
under such circumstances? This has been a perplexing ques-
tion. Should we adhere rigidly to the standard and turn them
away, or should we receive them, place them under a Tutorial
System, and help them on? The Faculty has adopted the
latter course, which has met my most hearty approval. Some
of our most advanced students have been selected as Tutors,
at a moderate compensation; classes have been formed under
the supervision of the Professors in the Schools of English
Literature, Mathematics, and History; and the blessings of the
Institution have been extended to these worthy young men.
This system, as will be seen by the Report of Professor PICKETT,
has succeeded well, and has proved to be a great blessing to
both Tutors and Students. It has, indeed, laid the foundation
of a Normal School.

REGENT OF KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY. 13

THE LABOR SYSTEM.

This has been one of the most interesting, if not one of the
most'diﬂicult, questions connected with the success of Industrial
Colleges. I have, therefore, watched its practical solution with
great care and solicitude. I frankly confess that the experi-
ment the ﬁrst year was not as satisfactory as I had desired.
For reasons not necessary to mention in this Report, it did not
receive a fair experiment, and the system became much demor-
alized. Having informed myself by personal inspection, and
by correspondence, of the practical workings of the System in
other Industrial Colleges cf the United States, and having
observed the results of our own experiment for the ﬁrst year,
and arriving at certain conclusions as to their defects, as a
practical man, and as a farmer of some experience and in full
sympathy with the question of labor, I ventured to recommend,
in my last Annual Report, its reorganization upon a basis
entirely different from that of any Institution known to me.
The subject was referred by the Board to the Executive Com—
mittee, and after due consideration, the scheme was adopted.
The details of it are as follows:

All students are required to work, unless in consequence ‘of
actual physical disability, of which there were only two cases
during the past Session. An Industrial College without work
is anomalous and impracticable; and to require some to work
and not others, would create discontent and display partiality.
They are arranged into two divisions, one compensated and the
other uncompensated. The compensated division is required
to work four hours per day on the Farm or in the Work-shops,
for which each member receives ten cents per hour. The other
division is required to work two hours per day in the Orna-
mental Grounds and Gardens, without compensation, except in
the way of physical exercise and practical instruction. Every
student applying for admission is left free to select whichever

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14 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

division he prefers. In this respect the system is entirely
voluntary, and precludes all castes or distinctions. If a young
man wish to defray, in part or in whole, the expenses of his
education, he can not do it without performing at least four
hours’ work per day, nor would his labor be at all proﬁtable to
the Institution if he work less. If, then, he is dependent on
his labor for a support, he must necessarily take a longer time
to complete his education than those who have the means to
support themselves without necessarily resorting to labor. He
must, then, work more and study less, and a year or two longer
spent in securing an education by his own efforts will never be
regretted. But, on the other hand, if a student have the
means to defray his expenses, he should be required, though
a son of Croesus, to work a portion of his time, in order that

. he may learn to respect and honor the divine law of Labor,

as announced to our ﬁrst parents, and that he may receive the
necessary physical exercise, and the proper instruction in Agri-
cultural and Horticultural Science. Any young man who can
not, or will not, perform at least two hours of moderate work
in the course of twenty-four hours, ought not, in my judgment,
to apply for admission into an Industrial College, I care not
what may be his circumstances, his prospects, or his intended
profession. Two hours’ active exercise per day in the Gardens,
Green-houses, Nurseries, or Ornamental Grounds of the Col-
lege will be proﬁtable to him by giving him practical views
of life and true manhood. But, says some farmer, who has no
ambition to see his own noble profession exalted to its proper
dignity and placed upon a scientiﬁc and rational basis, I can
teach my son to work at home; I do not wish him to work at
College. Of such I would simply and civilly ask, Why, then,
do you wish to send him to an Agricultural College? Why do
you wish us to demoralize the whole Institution by asking us
to compromise this cardinal, fundamental feature in all Indus-
trial Colleges? In fact, I know none, either in this country
or in Europe, where labor, manual labor, is not required in

REGENT OF KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY. 15

some form. We advise all objectors on this ground to seek
some other College for their sons.

But the main question arises, “What has been the practical
workings of this system during the past year?” I am glad to
report that, notwithstanding many disadvantageous circum-
stances, the system has worked well. Indeed, far better than
I could have hoped, in so short a time. The practicability of
it has been clearly demonstrated, and I am conﬁdent that with
the proper facilities, and with the proper support from all the
Ofﬁcers of the College, it can be made a complete success. I
am aware that, in the “two-hour division,” there has been
dissatisfaction among some of the students. This arose from
the demoralization of last year, and from the fact that the
labor was, in effect, optional the ﬁrst part of this Session.
There will always be some young men who do not love work,
however light or pleasant you may make it. But under a ﬁrm,
kind, uniform enforcement of the law, these will gradually

. slough 01f, and leave perhaps a smaller but a far better class

of students. It has been gratifying to observe that, generally,
the best young men and best students have been the most
cheerful workers. It is true, also, that, as yet, the most of the
students have not been sufﬁciently advanced in study to make
this class of labor Experimental and Educational, and hence
not so attractive. But in due season it will be fully done.
The labor of the “ four-hour division ” has been every thing
that we could reasonably ask or expect under the circum-
stances. Under the direction of the efﬁcient Superintendent
of the Farm, the system has been managed economically and
successfully. It has been proﬁtable both to the Students and
the College. The young men in this Department are sub-
divided into two sections, one laboring four hours in the
forenoon, and the other four hours in the afternoon. Thus
giving, without interruption, a regular, continuous day’s work.
These sections alternate their labor and study; the one work-
ing while the other is in the class-room. The signal from a

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16 ANNUAL REPORT on THE