xt7tx921gk68 https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7tx921gk68/data/mets.xml Kentucky. Department of Education. Kentucky Kentucky. Department of Education. 1946-12 bulletins English Frankford, Ky. : Dept. of Education This digital resource may be freely searched and displayed in accordance with U. S. copyright laws. Educational Bulletin (Frankfort, Ky.) Education -- Kentucky Educational Bulletin (Frankfort, Ky.), "Standards for School Buses Laws and Regulations for their Operation", vol. XIV, no. 10, December 1946 text
volumes: illustrations 23-28 cm. call numbers 17-ED83 2 and L152 .B35. Educational Bulletin (Frankfort, Ky.), "Standards for School Buses Laws and Regulations for their Operation", vol. XIV, no. 10, December 1946 1946 1946-12 2022 true xt7tx921gk68 section xt7tx921gk68

STANDARDS FOR SCHOOL BUSES
LAWS AND REGULATIONS FOR
THEIR OPERATION

, Published by
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

JOHN FRED WILLIAMS
Superintendent of Public Instruction

Lemngton, Ky.

‘Inlversity of Kentucky

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ISSUED MONTHLY

Entered as second-class matter March 21, 1933, at the post office at
Frankfort, Kentucky, under the Act of August 24, 1912.

Vol. XIV 0 December, 1946 O No.10

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FOREWORD

School transportation in Kentucky continues to grow in size
and complexity. In the school year ending 1946, approximately
1,724 school transportation vehicles transported 122,000 children
approximately 90,500 miles daily. This transportation cost, approxi-
mately $2,351,000.00 annually.

There are many administrative problems which arise in a dis-
trict providing school transportation. These consist principally of
selection and purchase of transportation equipment; selection and
supervision of drivers and mechanics; care, maintenance and opera-
tion of the equipment; planning and determining length and char-
acter of school bus routes; and of finding the money to pay for
the enterprise. Those who have this responsibility may proﬁt from
the material. contained in the following pages. This material con-
sists of Laws, Rules and Regulations of the State Board of Educa‘
tion governing the operation of school transportation vehicles and
Standards for School Bus Equipment.

It is hoped that this information will be of assistance to Boards
of Education and to parents in safeguarding the lives and health
of the school children of this State as they cooperate in an attempt
to provide economical and safe transportation facilities for their
respective districts.

J. F. WILLIAMS
Superintendent of Public Instruction

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roximately
0 children
it approxi-

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INTRODUCTION

Application of Regulations.

Section 189.540, Kentucky Revised Statutes, requires that the
State Board of Education shall adopt and enforce regulations to
govern the design and operation of all school buses used for the
transportation of school children. The regulations contained herein
have been adopted by the State Board of Education to meet the re-
quirement of the Statute. They apply to all motor vehicles used for
transporting school children whether these motor vehicles are owned
and operated by a school district or are privately owned and oper-
ated under contract with any school district. All standards for
school bus chassis and school bus bodies in effect as of January 1,
1946, have been repealed. Any school buses delivered after that
date shall comply with the standards stated herein.

The social and economic changes which have taken place during
the past few years have placed upon the school system an enlarged
educational responsibility. The individual differences of pupils, re-
gard for the physical and mental health of children, and an
increased emphasis on guidance and vocational efﬁciency have
created a need for the expansion and enrichment of school curricula.

An educational program for rural territory which will meet
these demands can best be achieved by an enlargement of the school
unit. Pupils can be gotten to these units most economically by
means of publicly supported school transportation. In increasing
numbers, school buses are bringing pupils of many rural com-
munities within reach of a specially trained teacher and ample
school equipment which provide for them the training they need
and want.

Transportation of school children in Kentucky has become an
essential service. It may be said to be a method of equalizing
educational opportunities between children of urban and rural com‘
munities. The constantly increasing demand for school transporta-
tion shows public approval, not only of this method of getting
children to school but also of the kind of educational opportunities
made possible by increasing the size of the school unit by means of
consolidation. The chief purpose of providing transportation for
3011001 children, therefore, is to provide desirable educational oppor-

665

. 1'
:
,':

tunities for all children who live beyond a reasonable walking
distance from a desirable school.

Safety and Economy.

Safety, economy and the proper protection of the health of all
children transported are primary requirements which must be main-
tained. School administrative ofﬁcials who furnish transportation
facilities must assume full responsibility for furnishing desirable
transportation facilities and for reporting transportation hazards
on schoOl bus routes to the proper authorities. They must assume
also full responsibility for the strict enforcement of the School Law,
Regulations of the State Board of Education and of the Regulations
of the local Board of Education governing the transportation of
school children. If it is found impractical at any time to observe
certain regulations, the Superintendent of the district must assume
responsibility for making any such changes as seem to be necessary
for the best interest of all the people involved.

Transportation in Kentucky.

Each school day as of June, 1946, a ﬂeet of approximately 1,724
school transportation vehicles carried approximately 122,000 school
children 90,500 miles to the schools in this Commonwealth. Boards
of Education expend annually for this purpose approximately
$2,351,000. This sum amounts to approximately 12% of the total
current expenses of operating the schools in the State. A business
of such vast proportion involves many problems of administration.
The constantly increasing trafﬁc hazards demand that extraordi-
nary care be exercised in performing this service. To secure a
reasonable amount of safety, comfort and reliable service in the
transportation of school children, it is very necessary that the State
Board of Education set the standards and speciﬁcations as to bus
equipment and rules and regulations for personnel employed as
drivers of school buses. It is hoped that the standards that have
been prescribed will be of assistance in providing more desirable
educational opportunities for children of rural territory. Any 511%
gestions for the improvement of either the standards or the regula-
tions will be appreciated by the State Department of Education.

Legal Provisions Relating to Pupil Transportation.

STATUTORY PROVISIONS

Section 158.110, Kentucky Revised Statutes, requires that Boards
of Education shall furnish transportation for all pupils of ele-

666

4..“ _.A._..|_..

e walking

:alth of all
it be main-
[sportation
' desirable
in hazards
1st assume
3hool Law,
regulations
rtation of
to observe
1st assume
necessary

Ltely 1,724
300 school
[1. Boards
oximately
the total
L business
iistration.
extraordi-
secure a
ce in the
the State
as to bus
ployed as
that have
desirable
Any sug-
1e regula-
3ation.

Lt Boards
3 of ele-

mentary grades who do not reside within reasonable walking dis-
tance of the school provided for them. It permits the transportation
of high school pupils.

1. Section 158.110, Kentucky Revised Statutes. Transportation of

Pupils—Boards of Education shall furnish transportation from

their general funds or otherwise for pupils of elementary grade who

do not reside within reasonable walking distance of the school

provided for them, and any board of education may provide trans-

portation from its general funds or otherwise for any pupil of any

grade who does not live within a reasonable walking distance from

the school provided for him. The boards of education shall adopt

such rules and regulations as will insure the comfort, health and

safety of the children who are transported, consistent with the-
rules and regulations of the State Board of Education dealing with

the transportation of pupils. (1944, c. 173)

‘2. Section 160.810, Kentucky Revised Statutes. Board to Provide
for Insurance for School Buses—Each board of education may set
aside funds to provide for liability and indemnity insurance against
the negligence of the drivers or operators of school buses owned
or operated by the board. If the transportation of pupils is let out
under contract, the contract shall require the contractor to carry
indemnity or liability insurance against negligence in such amount
as the board designates. In either case the indemnity bond or
insurance policy shall be issued by some surety or insurance com-
pany authorized to transact business in this state, and shall bind
the company to pay any ﬁnal judgment rendered against the insured
for loss or damage to property of any school child or death or
injury of any school child or other person.

3. Section 160.320, Kentucky Revised Statutes. Passways to School
for Pupils; Provision for.——Any board of education may make pro—
vision for roads or passways to its school buildings to accommodate
all Pupils who are entitled to attend school, and may apply to the
county court or the governing authority of the city having juris-
diction to open the same as other roads and passways are opened
for Public necessity and convenience. If there is no road or pass-
way from the residence of any pupil to the school building which
he attends it shall be lawful for such pupil, in attending school, to

. Walk over the property of any person between the residence of the

Pupil and the school building.

4- Section 186.060, Kentucky Revised Statutes. Motor Vehicles
Owned by Governmental Units—(1) Applications for registration

667

of motor vehicles owned exclusively by county, city or board of
education in the state or by the state or Federal government shall
be accompanied by a statement from the head of the department
of the governmental unit that owns the motor vehicle, certifying
that the motor vehicle is exclusively owned and operated by the
governmental unit. The application and statement shall be for-
warded by the county clerk to the department, which shall give
special authority to the clerk to register it. Upon receiving that
authority the clerk shall issue a registration receipt and number
plate and report the registration to the head of the department
authorizing the registration. For his services in issuing such cer-
tiﬁcate of registration and number plate and reporting the same
the county clerk shall be entitled to a fee of ﬁfty cents in each
instance, to be paid by the department upon whose authorization
such license was issued. (1946, c. 122)

(2) No person shall use on a motor vehicle not owned exclu-
sively by a county, city, board of education in the state or the state
or Federal government, any license plate that has been issued for
use on a motor vehicle owned by such a governmental unit.

5. Section 186.050, Kentucky Revised Statutes. Registration Fees.
——(5) Any person owning a truck or bus used solely in transporting
school children and school employees may have the truck or bus
registered as a school bus and obtain a license for $4.50 by ﬁling
with the county clerk, in addition to other information required,
an afﬁdavit stating that the truck or bus is used solely in the trans-
portation of school children and persons employed in the schools
of the district, that he has caused to be printed on each side of the
bed of the truck or bus and on the rear door or part of the bed
the words “School Bus” in letters at least six inches high and of
a conspicuous colorand that the truck or bus will be used during
the next twelve months only for the purpose stated. (1942, c. 78;
1944, c. 59)

6. Section 186.600, Kentucky Revised Statutes. Age Limit for
Drivers of School Buses and Public Passenger-Carrying Vehicles;
Rules and Regulations as to Drivers of School Buses—No person
under the age of eighteen shall drive a motor vehicle while it is
in use as a school bus for the transportation of pupils to and from
school. All drivers and all operators of school buses shall meet
the requirements of law and the rules and regulations of the State
Board of Education for school bus drivers and operators. Any
violation of the rules and regulations, of the State Board of Educa-

668

tion 1
penal
the a;
is in 1
effect

war 3

Schoc
way :
opera
his v<
pass

passe
purpt
vehic
befor

ness
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st0p

child
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word
whic
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shiel
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are l

are

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pora

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ant shall
)artment
artifying
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be for-
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number
uartment
uch cer-
he same
in each
urization

d exclu-
he state
:ued for

)n Fees.
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e trans-
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mit for
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die it is
[d from
ll meet
.e State
3. Any
Educa-

tion for school bus drivers and operators shall be subject to the
penalty prescribed for violation of this section. No person under
the age of twenty-one shall drive any other motor vehicle while it
is in use as a public passenger carrying vehicle. Note: Age eighteen
eﬁective until June, 1947.

The provisions of this bill shall apply for the duration of the
war and six months thereafter. (19-14:, c. 60)

7. Section 189.370, Kentucky Revised Statutes. Passing Stopped
School Bus—(1) Whenever any school bus is stopped upon a high-
way for the purpose of receiving or discharging passengers, every
operator of a vehicle approaching from any direction shall bring
his vehicle to a complete stop and shall not start up or attempt to
pass until the school bus has ﬁnished receiving or discharging
passengers. The driver of the bus, after having stopped for the
purpose of receiving or discharging passengers, shall permit all
vehicles that have stopped as required by this subsection to proceed
before again putting the school bus in motion.

(2) The operator of a vehicle upon a highway outside a busi-
ness or residence district upon meeting or overtaking any school
bus which has stopped on the highway shall come to a complete
stOp and then may proceed with due caution for the safety of any
children and may in no event drive in excess of ten miles per hour
in passing the school bus.

(3) Subsection (2) shall be applicable only if the school bus
bears upon the front and rear a plainly visible sign containing the
words “school bus” in letters not less than four inches in height,
which can be removed or covered when the vehicle is not in use
as a school bus.

8. Section 189.120, Kentucky Revised Statutes. Passenger and
School Buses to Have Safety Glass—(1) Glass used in the wind-
shield 01‘ in the window next to the operator or in the (1001's 01‘
rear windows of a bus used for the transportation of persons for
hire, or as a school bus shall be safety glass whenever the vehicles
are being operated on the highways.

(2) This section shall not become operative until the vehicles
are rePlaced; after that, if it becomes necessary to replace glass
In any of the openings described in subsection (1), safety glass
shall be used in making the replacements. No person, ﬁrm or cor-
p0ration shall sell any motor vehicle of the type referred to in sub-

669

section (1) unless the openings in the motor vehicles are equipped
with safety glass. No new vehicle shall be registered unless it is
equipped with safety glass.

(3) “Safety glass” as used in this section, means glass so
treated or combined with other material as to reduce, in comparison
with ordinary sheet or plate glass, the likelihood of injury to per-
sons by objects from exterior sources or by glass when the glass is
cracked or broken.

9. Section 189.050, Kentucky Revised Statutes. Rear, Side and
Clearance Lights—(1) All vehicles shall display at the rear one
red light visible when lighted for at least ﬁve hundred feet. A red
reﬂector meeting the requirements may be used in lieu of a red light.

(2) Every motor bus used for the transportation of persons
for hire shall be equipped with at least one red light in the rear
with the word “stop” on it which can be seen for one hundred and
ﬁfty feet when illuminated.

10. Section 189.070, Kentucky Revised Statutes. Trucks to Carry
Flares or Similar Signals—(1) No person shall operate any motor
truck upon a highway outside of a business or residence district
at any time from a half-hour after sunset to a half-hour before
sunrise unless that vehicle carries not less than three ﬂares, electric
lanterns or other signals capable of continuously producing three
warning lights, each visible from a distance of at least ﬁve hundred
feet for a period of at least eight hours. A motor vehicle trans-

porting ﬂammables, however, may carry red reﬂectors in place: of'

the other signals mentioned in this section. Every ﬂare, lantern,
signal or reﬂector shall be of a type approved by the department.
The department shall publish lists of those devices which it has
approved as adequate for the purposes of this section.

11. Section 280.320, Kentucky Revised Statutes. Failure to Pay
Toll; School District to Pay Toll for Children and Buses—(1) No
person, unless he is entitled by law to free passage, shall pass 01‘
take any vehicles over or upon any part of any privately-owned
toll bridge or toll ferry without paying in legal tender to the col-
lector of tolls then stationed at the bridge or ferry the amount of
toll prescribed by law or regulation for passage over the bridge or
ferry.

(2) The school board of the district which is furnished school
service for the children shall pay the proper toll charges over
privately-owned toll bridges or toll ferries for children going to

670

or rel
used
from

12. E
Bridg
publir
13. E
Auyj
280.3:
dolla]

14. t
Schoc

(
in th
trol,

15. 1
accid
way,
props
injur
stop
such
persc
carry
The .
ator,
vehic
the v
the c
in n1

ing i
to a1
four
accié

of In
pant
Inak
to b

equipped
less it is

glass so
mparison
y to per-
a O'lass is

Side and
rear one
t. A red
red light.
? persons
the rear
:lred and

to Carry
1y motor
a district
r before
, electric
ng three
hundred
le trans-
places of'
lantern,
artment.
h it has

to Pay
—(1) No
pass or
y-owned
the col-
iount of
ridge or

d school
:es over
going to

or returning from school, and for school buses and other vehicles
used exclusively in the transportation of school children to and
from school. (1944, c. 112)

12. Section 280.330, Kentucky Revised Statutes. Parking on Toll
Bridge Forbidden.——No person shall park any vehicle upon any
public or privately—owned toll bridge at any time.

13. Section 280.990, Kentucky Revised Statutes. Penalties—(10)
Any person who violates any of the provisions of KRS 280.320 or
280.330 shall be ﬁned not less than ﬁve dollars nor more than ﬁfty
dollars for each offense.

14. Section 281.020, Kentucky Revised Statutes. Exemption of
School Buses—The provisions of this chapter do not apply to:

(2) Motor vehicles used as a school bus and while engaged
in the transportation of students, under the supervision and con-
trol, and at the direction, of school authorities.

15. Section 189.580, Kentucky Revised Statutes. Duty in case of
accident—(1) Any person Who, while operating a vehicle on a high-
way, runs against or over, any other person, vehicle or personal
property, in possession of any other person in such manner as to
injure the other person or damage the property, shall immediately
stop and ascertain the extent of the injury or damage and render
such assistance as may be needed, including the carrying of the
person or occupants of the vehicle to the nearest medical aid, if
carrying is requested by the person struck, or by any occupant.
The operator or person having or assuming authority of the oper—
ator, or ownership of the vehicle, shall give the occupant of the
vehicle, or person struck if requested, the registration number of
the vehicle, if any, and also the names and addresses of the owner,
the occupants and operator. The total names need not exceed ﬁve
in number.

(2) The operator of a vehicle involved in an accident result—
ing in injury to or death of any person, or total property damage
to an apparent extent of ﬁfty dollars or more shall, within twenty-
four hours after the accident, forward a written report of the
accident to the State Highway Patrol.

(3) Whenever the operator of a vehicle is physically incapable
0f making a required accident report and there was another occu-
pant in the vehicle at the time of the accident who is capable of
making a report, that occupant shall make the report or cause it
to be made.

671

(4) The State Highway Patrol may require the operator to‘
ﬁle supplemental reports whenever the original report required by
subsection (2) is, in its opinion, insufﬁcient. It may also require.
witnesses of accidents to render reports to the State Highway
Patrol.

RULES AND REGULATIONS

1. Section 156.160 (7) Kentucky Revised Statutes. Rules and
Regulations—The Superintendent of Public Instruction shall pre-
pare or cause to be prepared and submit for approval and adoption
by the State Board of Education Rules and Regulations concerning
the transportation of children to and from school.

2. Section 189.540, Kentucky Revised Statutes. Regulations for
School Buses—(1) The State Board of Education by and with the
advice of the State Highway Patrol shall adopt and enforce regu-
lations to govern the design and operation of all school buses used
for the transportation of school children when buses are owned
and operated by any school district or privately owned and operated
under contract with any school district. Such regulations shall by
reference be made a part of. such a contract with a school district.
Every school district, its ofﬁcers and employes and every person
employed under contract by a school district shall be subject to
those regulations.

(2) Any ofﬁcer or employe of any school district who violates
any of the regulations or fails to include obligations to comply
with the regulations in any contract executed by them on behalf
of a school district shall be guilty of misconduct and subject to
removal from ofﬁce or employment. Any person operating a school
bus under contract with a school district who fails to comply with
any of the regulations shall be guilty of breach of contract and
his contract shall be cancelled after notice and hearing by the
responsible ofﬁcers of such school district.

Rules and Regulations have been adopted by the State Board
of Education in accordance with the provisions of these Laws. 111
preparing these Rules and Regulations, the safety, comfort and
convenience of the pupil have received major emphasis.

STANDARDS FOR SCHOOL BUS CHASSIS
—30 Passenger or Over——

All manufacturers of school bus chassis shall ﬁle with the
Superintendent of Public Instruction, or his authorized agent, not

672

later
catio
sch0(

‘ speci

and
prop

stat

age:

sha:
unt
8111
met
cha
Spe
or

Ins
Sta

parator to‘ later than the last day of May of each school year detailed speciﬁ- i
tquired by cations of all chassis which said manufacturers propose to sell for l
so require school bus use in Kentucky during the next school year. Said 1 ‘
Highway speciﬁcations shall include all equipment which will be furnished 1
and shall give such information as will Show whether the chassis . 1
proposed to be sold will meet Kentucky school bus standards. Said I? l '
I.‘ . l
tules and '
Shall pre. ‘
l adoption f‘: j 2. »,
oncerning l ‘ 3"", g
‘
Ltions for , .T i. ‘,
l with the “" H,
)rce regu- ‘11
>uses used }
re owned l
l operated
5' shall by 1_
.1 district.
ry person f .,
.ubject to , “ l
o violates ’
o comply , ‘ . ,
3n behalf . ‘f'ﬂ l
ubject to statement of speciﬁcations shall be made on forms to be furnished . ‘
{aschool by- the Superintendent of Public Instruction, or his authorized
1ply with agent. _ 1 .I‘ V, ‘ 2'
01a}: :11]: No manufacturer, distributor or dealer shall deliver for use, nor "- ‘ﬂ ,
3 shall an individual or board of education use, any school bus chass1s ,
until the speciﬁcations of said chassis have been approved by the ;
.te Board Superintendent of Public Instruction, 01‘ his authorized agent, as
Laws. In meeting standards of the State Board of Education for school bus , ;
.fort and chassis. \ i
Speciﬁcations for new models containing any changes in design ‘. I
or in construction made after the above named ﬁling date shall‘ ‘ " " "
be ﬁled with and receive approval of the Superintendent of Public ‘ ‘ v ‘ ‘ .
vith the Instruction or his authorized agent as meeting requirements of the , ; . l . '
3611b mt State Board of Education before they may be delivered by any i , '
673 '

manufacturer, distributor or dealer or be put into use as school
bus chassis by any individual or board of education.

School Bus Chassis Standards

r)
H.

Air Cleaner

Each school bus chassis shall be equipped with an adequate
oil bath type air cleaner.

Axle

The axle speciﬁcations shall be as follows:

a. Front axle shall have a gross weight rating at the
ground according to the chassis manufacturer ’s rating,
equal to or exceeding that portion of the total load
which is supported by the front axle.

1). Rear axle shall be of full-ﬂoating type and have a gross
weight rating at the ground according to the chassis
manufacturer’s rating, equal to or exceeding that por-
tion of the total load which is supported by the rear
axle.

c. The chassis manufacturer ’s rating for each axle on each
model used in school buses shall be furnished in dupli-
cate by the chassis manufacturer to the Superintendent
of Public Instruction or his authorized agent.

Battery

Storage battery, as established by the manufacturer’s
rating, shall be of sufﬁcient capacity to care for starting,
lighting, signal devices, heater, and other electrical equipment.
No bus shall be equipped with a battery of less than 120 ampere-
hours measured at a twenty—hour rate. Battery shall be
mounted outside body shell preferably under hood in an ade-
quate carrier and readily accessible for servicing and removal
from above or outside.

Brakes

Four-wheel brakes, adequate at all times to control the

bus when fully loaded, shall be provided.

a. Foot or service brakes shall be capable of stopping the
complete unit (i.e., wet chassis weight,at plus body
weight, plus driver’s weight, without pupils) from the
initial brake application within 22 feet when driven
at a speed of 20 miles per hour over a dry level 1‘03d
having approximately .6 coefﬁcient of friction and

* Wet chassis weight is a chassis with a full tank of gas, oil, and water.

674

s school ) whose surface is free from loose materials. This stop-
ping ability to be determined by test with an approved
decelerometer or other instrument which indicates
brake effectiveness in units that are convertible into

dequate rate of deceleration.

b. Hand or emergency brake shall be of the hand lever ,
type and shall be manually operated. It shall be pro- “
vided in addition to the service brake, or shall be an

at the entirely separate mechanical operating mechanism to

rating, be connected at least to the rear service brake shoes.

,al load It shall be capable of stopping the complete unit
(i.e., wet chassis weight, plus body weight, plus driver’s

a gross Weight, without pupils) from the initial brake applica-

chassis tion within 50 feet when driven at a speed of 20 miles ‘

iat por- per hour over a dry level road having approximately 1

he rear .6 coefﬁcient of friction and whose surface is free from ‘
1' loose materials. This stopping ability is determined by

on each testing with an approved decelerometer or other instru-

1 dupli— ment which indicates brake effectiveness in units that

tendent are convertible into rate of deceleration.

c. It is recommended that ’vacuum actuated power or
assistor type brakes be used on all buses rated above

:turer’s 36 and including 48 rated pupil capacity. All buses in

:arting, ‘ excess of 48 pupil rating capacity shall be equipped

ipment. with booster assistor brakes with either vacuum or

.mpere- approved actuated power.

iall be i (1) Any installation of vacuum actuated power or

”1 adc- assistor type brakes shall be made by an authorized

emoval representative of a chassis or brake manufacturer
and must be in conformance with the recom-
mendation of that manufacturer.

r01 the (2) Hydraulic line pressure may not exceed recom-

mendation of chassis manufacturer.

ing the (3) Every vacuum booster or air system must be

i body equipped with a reserve tank of not less than 1000
am the _ cubic inches capacity.

driven l 5. Bumpers

31 read 21. Front bumper Shall be furnished by the chassis manu-
n and facturer as part of the chassis. The front bumper must
Ltel‘. be of sufﬁcient strength to permit the pushing of a
y 675
i E.B.—3

vehicle of equal gross vehicle weight. without permanent
distortion to bumper, chassis. or body.

b. Rear bumper shall. be furnished and secured to rear
chassis frame by body manufacturer and so designed
as to prevent hitching of rides and obtaining a toe hold.
The rear bumper shall be of sufﬁcient strength to per-
mit the fully loaded vehicle being pushed without
permanent distortion to bumber, chassis, or body.

6. Drive Shaft

Torque capacity of the drive shaft assembly shall at least
equal maximum engine torque as developed through lowest
transmission gear reduction. Each drive shaft shall be equipped
with protective metal guard or guards located immediately to
the rear of each forward universal joint in each propeller
shaft, to prevent whipping through ﬂoor or dropping to ground
when broken.

Exhaust Pipe

Exhaust pipe, mufﬂer, and tail pipe shall be outside the
bus body and attached to the chassis frame. The exhaust tail
pipe shall be deﬂected slightly downward at the rear end and
extend at least three inches beyond the chassis frame but not
beyond the rear bumper.

The exhaust pipe shall be properly insulated from the gasoline
tank and connections thereof by a metal shield at any point
where it is 12 inches or less from tank or connections.

8. Fenders, Front

:1. The rear end of front fender should stop approximately
one inch ahead of the back face of the cowl.

b. The front fender should be properly braced and free
from any body attachment.

9. Frame—The frame speciﬁcations shall be as follows:

a. Each frame side member should be of one-piece con-
struction. If the frame side members are extended,
such extension shall be designed and furnished by the
chassis manufacturer with his guarantee and the instal-
lation shall be made by either the chassis or body

manufacturer and guaranteed by the company making '

the installation. Extensions of frame lengths are per-

676

10. I

11.

'maneut

to rear
.esigned
0e hold,
to per-
without
1y.

at least

lowest
111ipped
itely to
ropeller
ground

ide the
ust tail
nd and
int not

'asoline
7 point

mately

1d free

:e con-
:ended,
by the
instal-
- body
naking
re per—

missible only when such alterations are behind the rear
hanger of the rear spring.

No additional holes not provided in the original chassis
frame shall be permitted in the top ﬂanges of the frame
side rails. There shall be no welding to the frame side
rails except by the chassis or body manufacturer. ,
Frames or the equivalent shall be of such design as to
correspond at least to standard practice for trucks of
the same general load characteristics used for severe
service.

10. Gasoline Tank

it.

The gasoline tank shall have minimum capacity of 30
gallons a