xt7wh707zb36 https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7wh707zb36/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 1944 journals 039 English Lexington. Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Regulatory series, bulletin. n.39 text Regulatory series, bulletin. n.39 1944 2014 true xt7wh707zb36 section xt7wh707zb36 Regulatory Series, Bulletin N0. 39 September, 1944
Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station
· UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY
Thomas P. Cooper, Director
COMMERCIAL FEEDS IN KENTUCKY IN 1943
_ By J. D. TURNER, STACY B. RANDLE, W. G. TERRELL and J. J. ROSE
CONTENTS
Table 1>Summary of sales by Feeds suspected of poisoning
class of feed ............................ 2 stock .......................................... 6
` Feed control in the eme1"g€HCy 3 Explanation of terms used in
Good pasture in a feed analysls --·-----···---···-------·-—···--——-- 7
P1`0S1“8m ·--------·—-----~--·-·--—-------··-- 4 Poisonous weed seeds and
Balanced ration .......................... _ 4 fungi .......................................... 9
Feeders guide .i.....l.................... 5 Table 2-—Analyses of dog feeds 11
R€3d tht? tag —·--~----------------···--·---·~ 5 Summary of results of inspec-
t Wheat as a feed ..,.l................... 6 i tion and analysis, 1943 .......... 14
The tonnagxe of eonnnercial feeds sold in Iieutueky in 1943, about
($30,4218 tons. as estimated from the number of {Ill2ll'}ll1l}' tax tags
issued, showed an increase of 47.7 percent over 1942, the largest ton-
nagre in the history of the feed business in the state. About 335.7 per-
cent of the tonnagre was straigzht byproduct feed, 18.2% percent dairy
feed. 6.9 percent hog; feed. 253 percent poultry feed, and the balance
of :1 iniscellzineous nature. Of the total tonnzigre estimated used in
Kentucky for the year. 410.691 tons were speeiul—purpose feeds of
which 115,765 tons were dairy feed. 207.540 tons were poultry feed,
19.100 tons were horse and mule feed. and 43.715 tons were hog feed.
.\ sunnnary of estimated sales hy class of feed, in toinnigze, is given in
Table 1.

 \
2 KENTUCKY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
'llnsmz 1VV—Su11uVuzy or ESTIMATED SALES BY CLASS or FEED ,
Straight byproducts: Tons
Barley, ground ........,,............,,.......,.....V..........,,...........A....A...,A..,........A....................A...YY..T....... 200
Bone meal A....,,,r..................rr,rr,l.,,,..,.,....,rr.,r,..V....,..............,.r,,A......,,rr....r.A..........,.,.........A...... V. 500 1 ~
Brewers dried grains ,.....». V ..,,r,..»..Yr.,.r, V V,V.,,..,................rA.,T..rrl4..A.rr.rr..rA..4....»......».r.......Y..... 700
Corn byproduct feed   ..rrrlrlr,,...r,....rrrrr....rrr......,.l........rrl....,r..r....,r....,..rr.... . ....V...r.A...V........ 1,930
Corn feed meal V ,r.,,Vrr.., V rrrrrr, V rrV.. V T...rrr.....l...rrrr.................Vrr.rrr.rrr........rl..rA..r A .........rr»..V..Ar.. 550
Corn meal V VV ,,,r,...   V VV V     V VV rrr....,rrrrrrr.r,rr......rr V rr,rr,. V rrA...r..rrrr....r V ......,.r.....,. 350
Cottonseed meal ,,r,,,r,,,.rr,   VV   ..,l. VV V   VV r,rr V l..... V ...r.. V l.,.     VV .,,rrr..Y....r................ 6,960 1
Cracked corn V.  .,r,,,,, .. V ,r,,...,r,,r,, V .,..., V ..rr......,,rr V ...,,...l,.,,, r V r.,,r,,. V ,,.,,,,.. V ....., V ,r,A...r,rr 16,310 V
Crushed ear corn V VV VV ,,.,   ,,,, .V VV ,,,...rrerr.. V ,,.. V ..,.r,r..,..r.,.rrr.. V rrr...rrr....,rr.rrr...rrr.. 125
Distillers dried grains r,.. V .,r.. V rrr. V .r,...r...,r V rrrrrr. V r....re,i..   .,rrrrrrr,,r.rrr,.....rr,rrrri.....,r 5,100
Hominy feed V. VV . V V rr,i....... V ,..... V VVV. V V..VVli.VVVVVVV..VVVVV.VV V VVVV.V..Vi..V...VVVV.VVVVVVV.VVi....VVVV..VVVVVV 21,900
Linseed oil meal VV VV,, VV VVVV   VV VVV. V VVV.V..VVVV.VVV V VV.VV., V VVVVVVV...V V VVVVVV.V V VVVVA.VVVVVVV.V..VVVVV.VVVVV. 225
Meat scraps VVVV  V VVVVAVV V VVVV V VV VVVVVV V V. V. VVVVV.,VVVV._VVVVV.V.VV.VVVVVVV     VV VVVVV.VVVVVV.VVVV . ..VVVVVVV..VVVV 2,025
Meat and hone srrap VV V VV VVVVVVVVV.VVV.V V .VVV.V.VVV V VVVVVVVVVVVV V VVVVVVVVV V VVVVVVVVVVV. V VVVVVVVV..VVVVV.VV 250
Miscellaneous wheat feeds V VV AVVVV V  VVVVVV V VVVV_V.VVV_VV.VVVVVVVVV. V V VV VV V,VVVVVVVV VV VVVV V VV.V,V. 5,155
Mixed feud (wheat l»yprodiu·t fred and a small amount of corn bran) VVVVVVVVVVVV 24,455
Oats, ground V V V     VV VVVV     ,VVVVVVV   V VVVV   VVVVVVVVV V VVVVVVVVVVVV,V V VVVVVVV 400 _
Soybean oil mral   VVVVVVVV. VV V V___ V VVVVVV_VV_V_VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV V V_V_ V VVVVV_VVVVVVViVV V VVVVVVV.VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 11,555
Tankage VV V V . VVVVVV V VV VV   VVVVVVV V VVVVVVVVVV V VVVVVVVVVVVVV   VVVVV V VVVVVVVV VV VV.VV__V_VVVVVVVV____ 1,975
\Vhcat bran V V V _ _V_VVVVVV V V__V_VVVVVV V V_VVVV   VVVVV V VVVVVVVVVVVV___VVVVV___VVV_VVVVV 7,870 V
Wheat brown middlinus or shorts VVVVVVV   V VV VVVVVVVV V VVVVVVV .   _VVV,VV V VVVVVVV_VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 15,602
Wiieat flour middlings V VV VVVV VVV VV V   V V VVVVV, V VVVVVVVVVVV   VVVV,VVVVVVVVVVV V VVVV V .VV_VVVVVV 100
Wiléat gray niiddlingg or shorts VV   VV   VVVV V VVVVV V VVVVV V VVVVV__V_VVV_VVVV V VVVV V VVVVVVVVVV 24,665
WVh0at, grouml V VVVV V VVVVVV_ V VVVV VV __VV   V V_VV V VVVV V VVVVVVVVVVVV_VVVVVVVVV______VVVVVV_,V V VVVVV _ _____ V 47,407
Wheat mixed feed V   VVVV V VVVVV V VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV V VVVVVAVV V VVV_V   VVVVV _ VVVVVVVVVVVVVAVAV V VVV.VVVV 14,900
Wheat red dog flour   VV V VV   V VVVVV V V VVVVV V VVVVVV V VV VV_V V VVVVVV VV       VVVV 2,325
Special-purpose feeds; _
Calf meal V V VV V ..VVV. V VVVV V VV VVVVVVV VV V. VVVVV.VVVV.VVVV   ..V VVVVV.. V .V.. V VVVVV...i . 1,850
Dairy fred:
16% protein V VVVVVV V VVVVV VV VV   VVVVVV , VV VVVV VV VVVV   VVVVV.   VVVVVVV VV V 60,850
20% protein V V VV VV VVVVVV V VV VVVVVVVV VV V V V V VVVVVV . VVVVVVVVVVV.   V.V VVVVVVVVVV V 11,950
24% protein VVVVV V VVVV.VV   VV VV VVVV V V  VVVV VV VV   V ..V.VVV..VV V VVVVVVVV V VVVVV..VVVV.V 30,090
Supplement V VV   VV VV     V VVVVV V VV V ._     VVVVV V VVVVVV   VVVV.V...VVVVVVV 3, S75 ·
Total V   VV VV VVVVV V VV V VVVVVVVVVV.   VVVVVV V VVV.VV.VVV VV .VVV   VVVV V V V.VVVVVV.VVVVV.V.VV 115,765 V
Dog feed, dry VVVVVVVV VV VVV. V VVVVV.VVVV V VV V VV VV V VV VV VVV.VVVV.VV V VVVV .    VVVVVV   VVVVVVVVVVVV 3,045
Goat feed V V.VV V. V VV V VVVV_  V VV VV V VVVVVVV VV VVVV V VVVVVVVVV VV V VV . .VVVVVVV   VVVV.VVVVVVVVVV 200
Hog feed:
Fattening and growing; V V V VV VV VVVVVV VV VVVVVVVVV VV   VV VVVVV VV 26,000
Supplement V V VVVV   VVVV VV V.   VVVV V VVV.V..VVVVVV V VVV.VVVVVVVV 16, S15
Total V V VV VV   VVV V V V. V V VVVV . V     VV V   V  VVVVVVVVVVV   43,715
Horse and mule food   V VV VVVV VV VVV.V V VVVV V VVVVVVVVVVV   VVVVVVVVVVV   18,100
· Pigeon feed V V V V VV V V VV VV V VV VV V VVVV V VVVVVVVV V VVV.V V  VVVVVVVVVV V VVVVVV V VVVV. 250
Poultry feed:
Grains:
Chick VV V V.VV. V  VV V     V VVVV V V V. VVVVVV .. VVVV $,225
Scratch   V V. V VVVVVVVVV V VVVV V VVVVVVVVVVVVV VV V   VVVVVVVV...VVVVVVV V   VVVV 50,165
Tntgil VVV_ V VVVVVV.VVVVV V _ VVVVVVV V _ VV VV V VVVV V VVVVVVVVVVVV VV VVVV V VVVVVVV V VVVVVV 5$,ZiElU
Mash:
All-mash growing ration V V V       V V VV V 5,735
All-mash laying ration VVVVVVVV V V V V   VVVV V V   VV V   5.505
A1l·ma:<1i poultry V.VVVVVV.VVVVV   V V   V VVVVVVVVV     . VV,V 9,315
All—masll1|)tll’(‘S favorably with that. of corn, oats, barley, ‘
and rye. Wheat is higher 111 protein (ranging fl'Ull1 12.50 to 13.50 —
])(¥l'(5('llt) than those grains, contains about the sanie ainount of fat
as harley and rye, illltl about tl1e sanie ainount. of fiber as (;O1'll a11d
rye. lt is low in ]lllll(¥l‘2LlS, as niost grains are. \Vheat is lacking 111
\fli2ll1lll1 A, a fact to he considered 111 substituting wheat for yellow
corn. i
\Vhen used as a feed ingredient, except fo1· scratch grains, wheat.
should be ground coarse illltil mixed \Vlt11 other suitable ll]g1'CLl1€]1J[S
illilt give bulk to tl1e feed. lf ground fi11e illltl fed alo11e o1· 111lX€tl 111
large ilIl1()1llll` with other 1illN‘-g'l'()lllltl, co111paet feed it llltly be hard
to digest. lf fed to poultry, it may 1iO1'lIl a cake or erust o11 tl1e beaks ·
and walls ol' tl1e months, }lll(l \\'ll(’ll fed to stock it Illély forin a mass
— or cake lll tl1e stoniaeh and cause 111digestio11 and possibly death.
l·`eeders should be cautious lll feeding wheat Zlllll should follow
these rules: (l) grind wheat coarse; (2) do 11ot feed it by itself; (3)
do 1101 1nix fine-ground wheat in large propo1·tio11s with othe1· fine-
grouiid, heavy. eonipaet n1aterials. lf a large 3111011111 of wheat is
used. 111lX it witl1 1ll2li(‘1'lZllS that give l’lufl’1ness a11d hulk to tl1e feed.
'l`lIl‘ 2l1ll()lllll` of wheat that can he fed without eausiug trouble depends
111ore or less o11 tl1e texture of tl1e mixture.
FEEDS SUSPECTED OF POISONING STOCK
lluring tl1e year 11un1erous Silll1l)lCS of various k111ds of feed
suspected of poisoning stock were sent to tl1e 1)epartn1e11t. Careful
<‘X2lllllll£lll()ll of these showed, 111 1llOSt cases, that tl1e feed was 111 good
eondition. sound, free of off-odors, illl(l of good quality. Many of
tl1e samples were fed to ehieks o1· rats as tl1e sole diet, illltil the experi-
niental 2llllll12llS reeeiving l.ll€‘lll were 111 norinal. ll€illI[ll}` condition at
the Olltl of tl1e feeding period.
.\ large exeess of salt was found 111 two samples of poultry mash 1
whieh, it was reported, killed a ]lllllllJ(’l' of ehiekens. and o11e sample 4
ot` feed which was reported to l1ave killed 111051 of a large flock of

 COMMERCIAL Farms, 1943 _ 7
small chickens contained Paris green. In each case it appeared that
these substances were present by accident.
_ It is important that we know the nature of the problem before ‘
undertaking an analysis. We suggest consulting the county agent or _
veterinarian first and if an analysis seems desirable, the nature of
the problem should be explained and pertinent facts stated, when
the sample is sent.
EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN ANALYSIS OF FEEDS
Protein designates the principal nitrogen compounds of a feed.
Animals use protein to build and 1·epair tissues. However, when
carbohydrates and fats are deficient in the diet, protein 1nay be used
to produce heat and energy, but this is undesi1·able both physiologi- .
` cally and economically. Plants build protein from water, nitrogen V
compounds and certain minerals of the soil, and carbon dioxide of the
air. Protein from animal sources such as milk, meat scraps, and
tankage, is plant protein which has been partly broken down by the
— digestive processes of the animal and reconstructed into the kind of
protein specific for the animal tissue. The nutritional values of pro-
· teins differ greatly; therefore, it is well to select feeds which contain
I _ several ingredients and therefore a variety of proteins. Proteins de-
rived from animal sources, such as milk, meat and meat byproducts,
are very desirable for poultry, hogs, dogs, and young animals of all
kinds. Animal proteins are not so necessary fo1· mature animals,
especially the ruminants because these have the power to utilize other
proteins.
Fat is tl1e ether soluble nutrient in a feed and consists chiefly of t
fats and oils but a small percentage of waxes, resins, and coloring
matter may be included. Fats can be deposited in the body tissues as
such, or can be burned in the body to I'urnish heat and energy. The
energy value of fat is l1igl1, being   times that of the nitrogen-free V
extract.
Fiber is the woody portion or structural part of plants. lit; con—
sists mainly of cellulose, which has little feed value because of its low
digestibility. Generally seeds and grains contain very little fiber,
while the protecting hulls and husks and the supporting stems, are
high in this constituent. Excessive fiber in a feed indicates that the
percentage of essential nutrients is low and that their digestibility is
impaired.
llrf//f)' is present i11 all feeds. lt adds nothing to their value
because animals receive their main supply of water from other

 8 Kmzrucxy AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
sources. (Water reduces the value of a feed by decreasing the per-
centages of the other nutrients, and much water lowers the keeping
quality of the feed. ` -
Ash is the mineral matter or residue of a feed which remains
after complete burning. The ash of vegetable materials contains
minerals which the plant has taken from the soil. Most of these
elements are essential in the proper nut1·ition of an animal. The ash ,
from different plants, and from different parts of the same plant,
varies in amount and feeding value. The minerals most connnonly
deficient in stock feeds are calcium and phosphorus. An excessive T
amount of ash in a feed usually means the presence of inert matter,
such as dirt or sand.
Nitrogen-free artruet. lu making the usual chemical analysis of
a feed, the chemist determines the percentages of protein, fat, fiber,
ash, and water and terms the 1·emainder nitrogen-free extract. lt is _
composed chiefly of starches, sugars, and pentosans which are easily
digestible. Like fat, nitrogen-free ext1·act in the diet of an animal is
oxidized to maintain body heat and produce energy for work. Fat
can be synthesized by the animal, from nitrogen—free extract. i
lYff(lHll·I1N are organic food substances distinct from the more I
familiar nutrients (proteins. fats, carbohydrates, and minerals) but
necessary in nutrition for normal growth and reproduction. Although
these substances are required only in very small quantities, some feeds
do not contain enough for proper growth and productiveness. De-
ficiency in each vitamin leads to specific disease symptoms usually
first manifested by lack of growth. l*`requently, the feeder does not
suspect a vitamin deficiency because he notices only retarded growth.
The typical symptoms usually appear only in the later stages of the
disease. When the feeder uses commercial feeds. he should select
|`eeds made by reputable manufacturers whose record for making
reliable feeds is good. \Nhen he is home-mixing feed, he should select
onl_v ingredients of high quality and well-known value.
The vitamins are widely distributed in plant and animal ina-
terials commonly fed to livestock and poultry. tlreen feeds, legumes,
and natural green hays are the principal sources of carotene (vitamin
.\l and riboflavin (vitamin (ll. .\ll grains except yellow corn have
very little vitamin-.\ activity, but are good sources of the vitamin .
ll complex. \`itamin E is present chiefly in leafy materials, vegetable
and animal oils. and the germs of seeds. especially the germ of wheat. ·
No feeds are good sources of \`itamin l). the chief source for farm
animals being direct sunlight and fish oils. or their equivalent.

 COMMERCIAL FEEDS, 1943 9
Tl1e first principle of avoiding vitamin deficiencies in feeding
is the maximum use of high-quality roughages, and direct sunlight. Y
High-quality roughages include g1·een pasture, legume or grass silage,
corn silage, leafy a11d green sun-cured legume hays. Animals that
normally consume large quantities of roughage of tl1is sort will not
need special vitamin supplements. Poultry and hogs consume more
concentrates than roughages and therefore should be given maximum
. use of green pasture and direct sunlight. However, when these are
not available, the animals should be given a liberal amount of milk
byproducts and alfalfa leaf meal. The most practical way to supply
vitamin D to confined fowls is to use biologically tested fish oil or
its equivalent. Irradiated yeast as a source of vitamin D, is valuable.
A only for four-footed animals. 4
POISONOUS WEED SEEDS AND FUNGI
(Vare should he exercised by farmers in feeding materials that
‘ are likely to contain poisonous weed seeds and fungi. Stock may be
made sick, thrown off of feed, or die from eating them. Besides, if i
‘ germination of the weed seeds is not prevented by grinding or heating
to a high temperature in the manufacturing process, some of them
will pass through the animals, germinate, and will introduce weeds,
some of which may be noxious, on the premises.
Screenings, screenings waste, and fillers used in "yellow' tag"
feeds usually contain a large amount of miscellaneous weed seeds,
some of which may be poisonous. ln addition, these materials con-
tain things which may he deleterious to the health of animals, suc}1
as hulls, chaff, joints, elevator dust, sand, and dirt. lt is a serious
question whether a feeder can afford to risk feeding such material
at any price.
Though many weed seeds may cause poisoning, the most danger-
ous weed seeds and fungi likely to occur in feeds containing screen- n
ings, screenings waste, or filler are:
Seeds
Coeklebur (Xanthium oricnmlc)
Corn cockle (Agrostemma githago}
Cow cockle (Sapomzria vaccaria}
_ Castor bean (Ricinus conmiunis}
Fanweed (Thlaspi arocnse}
Flax (Linum usitatissimimil
Field peppergrass /Lcpidium campcstrcl
Haresear mustard fConringia oricntahsi
tllist continued on following page.)

 10 Kmvrucxy AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
Jimson weed (Datum stmmonium}
Purple jimson weed (Datum tatulav) `
Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum}
Smartweed (Polygonum spp.)
Sneezeweed (Hclenium antunmale} I
Small-seeded false flax (Ccwnelina microcarpa)
Tumble mustard (Sisymbrium altissimum) `
Wild mustard (Bmssica mvcnsis}
Fungi
Barley seab (Gibcrella zeac}
Ergot of rye and grasses (Claviceps purpurea)
Molds of grain

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