xt7z8w38289w https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7z8w38289w/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station.  journals kaes_circulars_004_511 English Lexington : The Service, 1913-1958. Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 511 text Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 511  2014 true xt7z8w38289w section xt7z8w38289w   PLANT-BED
  MANAGEMENT  
  ·_  Russell A. Hunt
Z1l)l€ ‘ A John W. Irvine, and
Ondy 1 Ira E. Massie
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* Circular Sll _
 j Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Economics
Q, College of Agriculture and Home Economics, University of Kentucky V
_ . and the U. S. Department of Agriculture, cooperating 4
 , FRANK J. WELCH, Director l
   g i Issued in furtherance of the Ans or May 8 and June 20, 1914. · `
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i CAUTION: Permanent plant-bed sites are not 1Vecommended a
in a1Veas where black shank is prevalent. In black shank areas. di
new bed sites should be selected each year, as the1Ve is too great a - Tl
chance for beds to become contaminated with the black shank bz
fun us and the funvus carried on foun lants to clean fields. l0
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, Also, where dark tobacco is being grown, it is not advisable to usr V HY
pennanent plant beds, because satisfactory black root 1'Ol·l`€‘ sp
sistant va1Vieties have not been developed. On these farms, how- A
ever, a suitable plant bed site may be seeded to a summer legrnne. —
then plowed in late summer or early fall, and the site treated iw i
the same manne1V as where permanent plant beds are rec0mV   bl
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5 Tobcacco Plont-Becl Mcnnogennent  
  By Russell A. Hunt, John W. Irvine, and Ira E. Massie l
    Plenty of healthy, vigorous, stocky plants should be ready f
  ‘ for early transplanting if high—quality tobacco is to be produced. l
w Enough plant-bed area should be prepared to provide, at two  
  ` pullings, the plants needed for the entire crop. The Hrst plants l
`   . pulled from beds are usually free of mosaic, but at each successive
  pulling there are likely to be more mosaic plants in the Held if a
  Y susceptible variety is grown. Vigorous, stocky plants are essential
l`i‘ = i~f·fd L · in getting a good stand.
· Choose o Fertile, Well-Drained Site
 V Select fertile, well-drained land high in organic matter for
E _ the bed, preferably with a slight southern or eastern slope, free
if  _ from shade, especially in the forenoon. An ideal place for grow-
KC ing plants is in an open Held.
In the past it has been recommended that a new plant—bed site
‘ be used each year, but with root rot—resistant varieties and with
blue mold not occurring often, it is recommended that a perma-
nent plant bed site be used, except where dark tobacco is grown
 ‘ or where there is black shank. .
Immediately after setting, disk or plow the old plant bed and
1 A seed it to cowpeas or soybeans, using I2 to I5 pounds of seed in
znded a bed 9 x 100 feet. In late August, or early September, plow or
areas, p disk the legume crop and treat the plant bed for weed control.
reatu  I This practice destroys all live roots in the soil so the wildHre
shank . llélcteria have no place to live over winter. If the beds are ditched
Helds. I to keep water from the surrounding area from overflowing them,
to usc , I and are treated at the proper time with bluestone-lime in the
rot—rc- Spring, there should be no trouble from wildHre.
how- s
gums-  »' Use Disease-Resistant Varieties
md m   Insofar as possible, use disease-resistant varieties. Choose a
recom l l)lU`l€y variety resistant to black root rot. The varieties are Ky IG,
l  [ KY22, Ky26, Ky 35, Ky4lA, Ky 57, and Ky 58. Ky 2-2, Ky 57,
_,Z K and Ky 58 are highly resistant to black root rot. Ky 26 is more
 p resistant than the moderately resistant Ky 16 and Ky4IA. On 4

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it .  
l 4 land infested with fusariuin wilt use Ky 35. Where mosaic is a ’ 
1 problem, use Ky 57, Ky 58, or Ky 35. Ky 160 is a mosaic-resistant  .
r , one sucker, and Ky 151 is a mosaic-resistant dark variety, suitable 0
l % for air or fire-curing. Ky 160 and Ky 151 are resistant to mosaic  '
1 1 but not to black root rot. f
· . Plan for ¤ Surplus of Plants 3
r K It is desirable to prepare enough plant-bed area to have a   4
surplus of strong, vigorous plants. Provide 100 feet of bed, 9 feet   4
‘ wide, or 75 feet of bed, 12 feet wide, for each acre of burley to be _
set. For dark tobacco, prepare 50 feet of bed, 9 feet wide, or the  
4 . equivalent, for each acre to be grown.  - »
' |` .. .
l— • • •  A ”='
, Sternlnze the Soil Thoroughly - ~  f
1 Tobacco plants are so small when they first appear that they ·  
l can’t stand the competition of a heavy growth of weeds. Weeding  1 fa
l the bed is a slow, tedious, and laborious job and it is likely to  
1 injure the young tobacco plants. Also, weeding is likely to cause “  
[ wildfire and mosaic. `  
` The best way to control weeds is to sterilize the soil thor- REI
1 oughly. Thorough sterilization, especially in the fall, is also help-
ful in controlling wildfire. 1 m
Don’t attempt to sterilize plant beds when the soil is wet.  t w
1 regardless of the method used. None of the chemicals or heat   1
penetrates wet soil; consequently, if the soil is wet, poor steriliza- 1 W4
r tion is obtained. In addition, soils burned or steamed when wet Sq
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l°lG¤l' bed with plustlc gas-proof cover in place and the edges properly sealed with $°ll* Sl
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EIT- "  Releasing Methyl Bromide beneath gas-proof cover, using special application equipment.
e p- » 
may become so hard that the tobacco plants can’t grow well. For
    wildfre control, fall treatment is superior to treating in the spring.
_ _ “  e Before treating the bed for weed control, plow the soil and
Uhm- l Work it thoroughly so that only a very light raking will be neces-
H Wet , Sfiry before seeding. Deep stirring after sterilizing will likely re—
  sult in a weedy plant bed.
 i Beds may be treated for weed control by steaming, burning,
V` L methyl bromide, calcium cyanamid, or by drenching with C.B.P.
°°* A   · When burning, have soil thoroughly prepared and dry enough
  B X for good tillage. Use enough wood to heat the soil to a depth of
   y 3 to 4 inches. Usually 30 minutes burning with fairly large wood
i;¥Qfa p ”  p will provide enough heat to kill weed seed near the SU1`f&1C€. BU1'11-
  I ing with small brush for 10 to 15 minutes is worthless. Burned
E beds may be seeded after the soil cools.
_ Steamring is probably the most effective method of treating
 ,1    Plant beds to kill weed seed and to control leafspot diseases.
   `» Wlliill using steam, prepare the site thoroughly and at €zlCl1 “set”
if if A l  A leave th€ PHI] ll] pOSltlO]] fO]` 3pPl`OXlH1k1t€ly   1Hl11UtGS,   the
with $°"·   steam pressure in the boiler 100 to 125 pounds. Steaming may be A
V 5

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  done in fall or spring, whenever the soil is dry enough for work- , Sa]
E ing. Seeding may be done any time after the soil dries enough Ca
l . for raking. A
Z A When using methyl bromide, have the soil thoroughly pulver- nil
l ized, and just about as wet as it can be worked. Soil temperature   of
l should be 50°F or warmer. Cover the bed with gas-proof cover- GV
` ing and seal the edges with soil, then release 1 pound of methyl to
bromide gas for 100 square feet, into shallow pans or troughs, th
using a specially designed applicator. Beds may be seeded as Wi
~ soon as the cover is removed. Methyl bromide is poisonous. Fol-
low instructions carefully. (For more complete instructions, see
Kentucky Extension Circular 500.)
11 When using C.B.P., have the soil thoroughly pulverized, with fe
no more moisture than for good tillage, and temperature of 50°F, 1C
or warmer. Use 1 quart of C.B.P. in 12% gallons of water for _ w.
l each 125 square feet of bed. To insure penetration, immediately M
l, follow treatment with a like amount of clear water. Beds may be
, seeded 3 weeks after treatment in cool weather, 2 weeks in warm or
l weather. C.B.P. is poisonous to humans, so follow instructions on . w
I the container. w
i When using calcium cyanamicl, have the soil thoroughly pul- 3
verized, with no more moisture than for good tillage. Apply fi/Q U
pound of calcium cyanamid and M2 pound of 20 percent phos-
phate to the square yard and mix with 3 inches of soil. Rake the
surface smooth. Apply % pound more of calcium cyanamid to
the square yard and rake lightly. Mulch the bed and water, U
Z using 300 to 500 gallons for a bed 100 ft. long. At seeding time  · 0_
A prepare the surface with a hand rake, and don’t stir soil deeper H,
than 1 inch. Recommended dates for using calcium cyanamid, u,
August 10-September 15. Beds treated with calcium cyanamid ` gj
should be seeded March 20 to April 1.
· Fertilize for Vigorous Growth of Plants -
Fertilize a steamed, methyl bromide, or C.B.P. bed with H Q k
complete fertilizer, such as 6-8-6, or 4-10-6, at the rate of 30 to 40 t]
pounds for a bed 9 by 100 feet, and rake in lightly. For a heavih‘» h
burned bed, use 25 to 30 pounds of 20-percent superphosphatc. tl
and 10 to 12 pounds of nitrate of soda, or a mixed fertilizer, such b
as a 4-12-0, or similar analysis. CAUTION: Don’t use too much
fertilizer. If you use much more than the amounts above, soluhl€ a
   Y

 l 3
rk- 1 salts may rise to the top of the soil, which in dry weather may  
gh W cause the plants to yellow and die. l
Where plants grow slowly and are yellow, treat the bed with l
€1._ nitrate. Dissolve 10 pounds of nitrate of soda in a 50-gallon barrel  
me _ of water. Remove the cotton and sprinkle the nitrate solution ‘
.61,  _ evenly over the bed, with a sprinkling can, at the rate of 5 gallons
hvl to 18 running feet of bed 12 feet wide, or 24 running feet where l
ms: ` the width is 9 feet. Follow at once with an equal amount of clear I
as ~ water to rinse the solution off the leaves and prevent burning.  
?ol— “
See Sow the Seed os Soon os Weother Permits
 » Sow 2 level teaspoons of cleaned and tested seed to each 100
vith » feet of bed 9 feet wide, or 2% level teaspoons of seed for each
)°F, 100 feet of bed 12 feet wide. Seeding may be done as soon as
for ' weather permits, which is usually the last half of February or in
tely March. Seeding should be completed by April 10.
ybe To distribute the seed evenly, use a tobacco seed distributor,
arm - or mix the seed with commercial fertilizer, fine sand, or screened
s on .f  wood ashes. Where a seed distributor is used the seed are sown
I without mixing with other materials. Going over the bed at least
Pu]- p 3 times, sowing part of the bed each time, helps to get even dis-
y ffyé — tribution if you are sowing the seed by hand.
rhos-
athe Box the Plont Bed
fd to Boxing the bed helps to control cutworms and fleabeetles.
Vaffll Use 1" by 6” material and stretch a good grade of tobacco cotton
tum Over the top of the boards and fasten to the side. If boards are
’€P€Y _ 110t available, uniform logs are satisfactory. Tall bottles turned
umil upside down and stuck in the soil, will keep the cotton off the
{umd   ground and prolong its life.
W If Heavy Freezes Occur
· Small tobacco plants, while injured by cold weather, are rarely
'lfh A killed unless the soil freezes enough to be honeycombed. Then
tO_J‘0 l 1116 plants may be lifted or heaved out of the soil and Clie. If V
*‘~"‘lY‘ _ 116avy freezes occur, remove the canvas as $0011 as the soil tl19.WS,
211*1** tfamp or roll the soil, disregarding the plants, and then water the ~
’ $[1Cll ‘ bed thoroughly.
much -0 F0ll0wing cold weather most of the plants in the bed may be _
Dlublf 0 &H€Cted with cold injury, As they develop, the bud leaves of such

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Cold injury to tobacco plants in the plant bed. `

   »
injured plants are white, and the partially developed leaves are f
smaller than normal and white along the edges. With warmer I
weather the affected plants recover quickly and grow normally, I
except that the affected leaves appear mottled, with somewhat I
. the appearance of mild mosaic. l
 ] Control Wildfire and Angular Leufspot !
I Plowing under a legume in late summer, treating for weeds in I
. the fall, ditching the bed to keep surface water from flowing over ,
l it, plus the use of bluestone-lime, will effectively control wildfire
and angular leafspot in the plant bed. In the spring as soon as the V
tobacco plants can be seen they should be treated with bluestone- r
  lime, and again 7 to 8 days later. If weeding is necessary, blue-
storre-lime should be applied immediately after, on the same day,
” that weeding is done.
. In using bluestone-lime, treat the bed and at least 8 feet be-
I yond the sides and end of the bed. Most of the failures with blue-
  storre-lime are due to its being used too late. Unless the first ap-
i plication is made before the plants are the size of a dime, the
. bluestone-lime applications are worthless.
Q T0 P·repa·r0 Bluestone-Lime Mixture:   Fill a clean 50-gal-
 I lon barrel or oil drum % full of water strained through a cloth.
I  f (2) In one corrtairrer thoroughly mix 4 pounds of fresh com-
I"  ·
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   V   _1·’   r.=-·-,· .7*, .» ». ·'~—    >’    A ,../   .  .-   
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— » '·’. §»  ;>» _·,._ _   .··.     ,.. ~ i
‘i   .       if    xfs ~·', I ._»,   ’
*1 F I r.-’·’¤ i ‘»‘. *   Y . e' ,     f_I,L??¥· if   I   -
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QI;     I L aware,     I.gI,>»·;;   gvpk digg {Irs   I, I!} p
Tin; _ 1: Irv.   h\ I ··,\I· V N'. 'j_,: ., I I | g':¤,,» ’ W"./;;i*$·vL*t-;f;}·iv·g"  JM   l `    
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 . Tobacco plants ready for the first bluestone-lime treatment. A

 li .
l:
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¤     ep  ·
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i ·— Ep jj; QQ t,. " §  
  {fw; ll   ,   4 ~; `     pi ,
  _._; a t . "* ‘ ` ·· ‘v 
  , ‘; » "‘  -—·v »   ,,V  mm
   , _
  · Sprinkle sides und end of plant (
I   ( bed with bluestone-lime ‘
   rvv    
A     ~   l""°d4
l   i f  »»     if  "“  ' agi?
1
worl
mercial hydrated lime in 3 or 4 gallons of strained water. (3) lu KV;
. another container dissolve 3 ounds of owdered bluestone in sh
. or
about 4 gallons of water. (4) Pour the lime paste into the ba1‘1‘€l · fore
of water and stir vi orousl . While stirrin , add the bluestont Ch
ex
, solution slowly. (5) Add water to make 50 gallons. Add % pound and
F of 50—percent wettable DDT to control cutworms and flea-beetles. · tobz
Apply without removing the cotton cover, with an ordiiiml r aret
sprinkling can. Stir each time the sprinkling can is filled. Use} ( ]
uart er s uare ard. Fift allons will treat 140 runnin fed whe
Y Y
, of bed 9 feet wide, or 100 running feet of bed 12 feet wide, and plar
1 provide enough material for the plowed area on each side uml whe
ends of bed for a distance of 2 to 3 feet. A
Control Mosaic ·
. QPP
Mosaic is a serious tobacco disease for many farmers. It mil} ) 0,2
be ]_)1`€V€Ilt€d by growing mosaic-resistant varieties as menti01l€d 2 mm
in Section 2 above, or by seeing that workers do not use hows · mg
spun or bam-cured tobacco while working in plant beds. If the  r Fel;
10  .

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l z V..» .     V'‘‘»     ~   ·    
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 _ Wildfire on a tobacco plant nearly ready to set. Plants half grown or larger are rarely
killed, but their growth may be retarded.
 _ workers chew, make up twists from a mosaic-resistant variety like
(S) ln ~ Kv 57 or Ky 35. To prevent mosaic, the pockets of the workers
one in _ should be brushed clean and the hands thoroughly scrubbed be-
barrél ; fore going to the plant bed, and the workers should not smoke or
iestone  . chew home-cured tobacco when weeding plant beds or pulling
pound 3 and setting plants. Manufactured plug, twist, cigarettes, or pipe
Jeetles. i tobacco is relatively safe to use if one must use tobacco, but cig-
rdirmry arettes should not be made from granulated tobacco. 1
Use l Dipping the hands in a strong solution of trisodium phosphate,
ng fetl  _ Where obtainable, from time to time while weeding or pulling
de, {mil Q plants, will prevent mosaic infection nearly completely, even
{de zulfl   Wh€11 barn-cured tobacco is used by workmen.
 p Control Blue Mold
Blue mold does not occur regularly in Kentucky. If blue mold
It NY `V aPP€8l‘S early in your neighborhood, treat the bed with Ferbam
ll · - . .
)nti(;n€H  ‘ ;)Y‘Z1H€lI> either as a spray or dust, twice a Week, and after eHCl1
’ home · allk {YOU`! the time the disease is first reported spreading in the
C   the  Z H€lgl`1l)01`l1O0d until the plants Z11‘€ S€t. Use 3 t3l)l€S]_)OOHS of
·- p Ferbain or 2 of Zineb to 1 gallon of water, and apply 4 to 6 gal- p
11

 65} *
1 i
ll  
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        Blue mold showing
· ; .~w<  af,   W2  t      ie
    spore masses on the .
     _A  ig      under side of a leaf. ·
   f. i ,?;i`V   `lii   Th<=S·= Svwes. when . “
l l     li‘'<>w¤ ¤b¤¤*· ¤¤¤$<== 1
l       new outbreaks in the  V 2
ll VQ;   A- SGTDE bed Gnd in  
    beds CIT G dlSi’Gl’\C€.  
1     ,  A Bluck
k _ ready
l lons or 2 to 3 oounds of oro nerl diluted dust t0 a bed 9 x 100  1 '
· > l I I liao
feet. Beds severely injured with the blue mold should be nrtratéd Sha]
1 to hasten recovery.  A Pull
1  . and
Danger of Blackleg in Wet Seasons SWT
_ _ wee
» Blackle occurs in the lant bed durm wet neriods when the
{ P _ _ _ . The
plants are about ready to be set. It is a bacterial soft rot attacking  y twu
leaves that touch the ground and spreading from them into tlw .
soft, tender stalk. The stalk may rot off completely, or the disease . ·
may spread up one side, splitting it open. The rotted areas usually
y turn black. Frequently the plants in an area up to 3 feet lll l
‘ diameter are destroyed. Slightly affected plants when set in tht aim
field grow normally if set in rather dry soil, but if the setting 501* ile
Son is wet it is not advisable to use plants from an affected bed. mt
pro
ont
Pull Weeds No More than Necessary bar
. .  · rl
1 Most plant beds must be weeded once, nqany two or 1110* 118
. . . . — V
tunes. Do only as much weeding as is necessary to keep ~r€€rs»¤;;a¤$`*··\Te , .  · ai   , r an ’*
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r V ‘#·»£';ILT1'-$§?~··' ·#~`§."4*3`epyva¢i$§; f?·‘-r—>:—a»6\ * ~\ *·.,·{v’1)g,,_ we ·»~ -  
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I .;_`}€ ,   _;-< . rr  _; ——  §A.   .  _.—.>» ct A   r-~  ·,,  . Hm,
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l     7‘~ w "    .-JM;-*. a ` `   `Y . }   A t L?
I Weeding is ¤ Ioborious job [_ E
l ~ glV€
§ If weather is dry in late April and early May, small tobacco , P0W·
plants M; to 2 inches ac1Aoss may turn yellow and die or, when UW?
j touched, break off at the surface of the ground. Usually the area ;
l in the bed where this occurs has a white coating over the surface ;
soil particles made up of salts carried to the surface by evapc- `
r rating waterA. These salts injure the small rAoots of the plants and A  
j prevent growth of new roots f1Aom the crown. Such a conditiorr  
I is usually brAought about by applying too much fertilizer to the _  ‘
surface of the bed befo1Ae sowing, or from too much potash saliS "  
following burning a bed with wood If the season is wet C01l·  
tinuously no lrarAm will result, but if the season rs dry, everr f0Y  
I short periods, plants in large areas of the bed may die. Sirrrilar _‘
l injury sometimes follows the use of calcium cyanamid for W€l“fl J
control.  
If too much fertilizer has been used, or if the bed has been 1  
. . . · · . r !f*·:
treated with calcrum c anamrd, and the olants arAe ellowrrrg lll ·l J;}
Y Y rt?
drAy period, water the bed heavily to dilute the salts and ew} _ *,
them into the soil.  `.  
` Control Insects l. 2
To contrAol ClltWO1'1T1S and fleabeetles in the plant bed use DDT T
as a spray or as a dust. The material nray be applied by itself ‘“
14

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      igé    —   »;»»     * a  ” 3 .
i .     a p `   A `‘A*·~—» ‘ #·‘‘`   . J _     . ‘   A.,_A, G M,. _A;    *  
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eax.    .V»,           . e _· ~ . ( l
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r' .1 ~ Dusting to control insects
or it may be put on as the bluestone-lime is applied. One pound of
  10-percent DDT applied as a dust, or M1 pound of 50-percent wet-
* table powder in 25 gallons of water for a bed 9 x 100 feet will
give eilective control. One-half pound of 50—percent wettable
>bacc0 powder in each barrel of bluestone-lime mixture has proven etlec-
when tive in controlling fleabeetles and cutworms.
_e area
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